Page 21 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

xxiv LIST OF FIGURES

18.2 Crystal growth rate versus solution mixing 18.36 A and X type zeolites. 674
velocity. 618 18.37 Pressure swing adsorption for the dehydration
18.3 Cooling crystallizer. 621 of air. 676
18.4 Forced circulation crystallizer. (Courtesy: 18.38 Temperature swing adsorption. 676
Swenson Technology, Inc.) 623 18.39 Chromatographic unit. 679
18.5 Direct contact refrigeration DTB crystallizer. 624 18.40 Classification of analytical chromatographic
18.6 Surface-cooled baffled crystallizer using systems. 679
external heat exchanger surface to generate 18.41 IUPAC classification of gas adsorption
supersaturation by cooling. 625 isotherms. 681
18.7 Oslo type crystallizer. 626 18.42 Adsorption column mass transfer zone
18.8 Generalized melt crystallization process with and idealized breakthrough zone. 683
a wash column. 627 18.43 Ion exchange process in solid ion exchange
18.9 Adiabatic process. 632 resin. 684
18.10 Illustration for obtaining wet bulb temperature. 633 18.44 Symmetrical and asymmetrical membranes. 686
18.11 Humidity chart. 633 18.45 Liquid membrane. 687
18.12 Hygrometer using metal–wood laminate. 634 18.46 Classification of membranes. 687
18.13 Sling hygrometer. 635 18.47 Asymmetric composite membrane. 688
18.14 Vapor-compression cooling-based 18.48 Hollow fiber module (vertical). 690
dehumidification process. 635 18.49 Hollow fiber module (horizontal). 690
18.15 Spray humidification. 636 18.50 Hollow fiber membrane module. 691
18.16 Packed bed humidifier. 636 18.51 Schematic of a spiral wound membrane
18.17 Tubular humidifier. 636 module. 691
18.18 Atmospheric and natural draft cooling 18.52 Plate and frame module. 692
towers. 637 18.53 Schematic diagram of flows inside a
18.19 Induced draft cooling tower. 638 multichannel membrane element operating
18.20 Cooling tower performance curves. 643 in cross-flow mode. 692
18.21 Types of moisture content. 645 18.54 Cut section view of a typical membrane
18.22 Equilibrium moisture content curves module. 692
for different types of solids. 646 18.55 Flow disruption around spacer netting
18.23 Water activity versus moisture content to promote turbulence. 695
for different types of foods. 647 18.56 Range of pore diameters used in reverse
18.24 Movement of moisture during drying osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and
of porous materials. 648 conventional filtration. 695
18.25 Typical drying rate curve for constant drying 18.57 Osmosis and reverse osmosis. 696
conditions. 649 18.58 RO cascade to produce high-quality permeate. 699
18.26 Examples of normalized drying rate curves 18.59 Pervaporation and vapor permeation
for some typical materials. 650 processes. 700
18.27 Tray dryer. 654 18.60 Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration flow
18.28 Three-stage conveyor dryer. 655 diagram. 703
18.29 Simplified diagram of a direct heat rotary 18.61 Dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration. 704
dryer. 656 18.62 General transport mechanisms for gas
18.30 Principle of operation of a spouted bed dryer. 658 permeation through porous and dense gas
18.31 Pneumatic dryer. 659 separation membranes. 707
18.32 Spray dryer. 662 18.63 Electrodialysis. 708
18.33 Phase diagram of water. 667 18.64 Illustration of the three operating modes
18.34 Main components of a batch freeze dryer. 667 for foam separating columns. 714
18.35 Types of pores on adsorbents. 673 18.65 Froth flotation cell. 714