Page 18 - Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer

LIST OF FIGURES xxi

12.1 Typical vapor compression refrigeration cycle. 372 13.6 Continuous circular fins on a tube. 400
12.2 Cascade refrigeration cycle. 372 13.7 Serrated fins. 400
12.3 Comparison of a steam turbine and a heat 13.8 Air-cooled heat exchanger. 402
pump. 375 13.9 Construction of a typical plate heat exchanger.
12.4 Heat pump as applied to evaporation. 376 (Courtesy: Alfa Laval.) 403
12.5 Distillation column with a separate refrigerant 13.10 Flow patterns in a plate heat exchanger. 404
circuit. 376 13.11 Gaskets for a plate exchanger. 405
12.6 Distillation column using process fluid as a 13.12 Ring and field gaskets to prevent intermixing
refrigerant. 376 of the fluids. 405
12.7 Heat tracer over a pipe carrying a fluid. 378 13.13 Conventional heat transfer plates and channel
12.8 Heating coils. 379 combinations. 406
12.9 Jackets with nozzles to admit heat transfer 13.14 Asymmetric heat transfer plates and channel
fluids. 380 combinations. 407
12.10 Dimple jacket vessel. 13.15 Flow patterns. 408
(Source: www.reimec.co.za.) 380 13.16 Single PHE handling three process streams. 408
12.11 Dimple jacket cross section. 13.17 Spiral heat exchanger. (Courtesy: Alfa Laval.) 415
(Courtesy:Santosh Singh 13.18 Scraped surface heat exchanger. 416
(process.santosh@googlemail.com).) 380 13.19 Heat pipes. 417
12.12 Half-pipe jacket angles. (Courtesy: Santosh 13.20 Flat plate type heat pipe. 418
Singh (process.santosh@googlemail.com).) 381 13.21 Micro-heat pipe operation. 418
12.13 Jacketed vessel with a half-pipe jacket. 13.22 Variable conductance heat pipe. 418
(Source: www.reimec.co.za.) 381 13.23 Capillary pumped looped heat pipe. 419
12.14 Half-pipe coil dimensions. (Courtesy: Santosh 13.24 Heat pipe performance curves. 419
Singh (process.santosh@googlemail.com).) 382 13.25 Typical heat pipe wick configurations and
12.15 Conventional jacket with baffles. structures. 420
(Courtesy:Santosh Singh 13.26 Heat pipe heat sink for power transistors. 420
(process.santosh@googlemail.com).) 383
12.16 Constant flux heat transfer jacket. 384 14.1 Emissivity ranges of different materials. 426
12.17 An inverted bucket steam trap. 14.2 Tube arrangements in small cylindrical fired
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 386 heaters. 428
12.18 Ball float trap with (a) air cock and 14.3 Fired heater with vertical radiant tubes and
(b) thermostatic air vent. side view of top section. 430
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 387 14.4 A cabin heater with horizontal tubes and a
12.19 Liquid expansion steam trap. rectangular firebox. 431
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 387 14.5 Large box-type cabin heater showing
12.20 Balanced pressure steam trap. three separate radiant sections. 431
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 388 14.6 Absorption efficiency of the tube banks. 435
12.21 Bimetallic element made out of two 14.7 Partial pressure of CO 2 þ H 2 O in flue gases. 436
laminated dissimilar metal strips. 14.8 Gas emissivity as a function of gas temperature.
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 388 (Lobo WE, Evans JE. Heat transfer in radiant
12.22 Operation of a bimetallic steam trap with section of petroleum heaters. Transactions
a two-leaf element. (Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 389 of the American Institute of Chemical
12.23 Multicross elements as used in the Spirax Engineers 1939;35:743.) 436
Sarco SM range of bimetallic steam traps. 14.9 Overall radiant exchange factor F. (Lobo WE,
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 389 Evans JE. Heat transfer in radiant section of
12.24 Operation of a thermodynamic steam trap. petroleum heaters. Transactions of the
(Courtesy: Spirax Sarco.) 390 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
1939;35:743.) 437
13.1 L-footed tension wound aluminum fin. 398 14.10 Convective heater with flue gas recirculation. 442
13.2 Embedded fin. 399 14.11 Dimpled tube. 443
13.3 Extruded fin. 399 14.12 Premix gas burner. 444
13.4 Double L-footed fin. 399 14.13 Regenerative two-bed oxidizer. 451
13.5 Extended axial finned tube. 400 14.14 Sankey diagram. 452