Page 8 - Formation Damage during Improved Oil Recovery Fundamentals and Applications

CONTENTS

List of Contributors xiii
Preface xv

1. Overview of Formation Damage During Improved and
Enhanced Oil Recovery 1
Bin Yuan and David A. Wood
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Summary of Formation Damage during EOR 3
1.3 Low-Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF) 3
1.4 Chemical Flooding 6
1.5 Thermal Recovery in Heavy Oil 8
1.6 Produced-Water-Re-Injection (PWRI) 9
1.7 CO 2 Flooding 10
1.8 Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Formations 11
1.9 Coal-Bed Methane (CBM) 12
1.10 Geothermal Reservoirs 13
1.11 Deepwater Reservoirs 13
1.12 Summary 14
References 14

2. Low-Salinity Water Flooding: from Novel to Mature Technology 21
David A. Wood and Bin Yuan
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Origins of LSWF and Identification of Reservoir Mechanism
Driving Incremental Oil Recovery 22
2.3 Fines Migration: Detachment, Transport, and Redeposition 26
2.4 Clay Swelling, Detachment, and Pore Blocking Leading to
Reductions in Permeability and Porosity 30
2.5 Salinity Thresholds and Reservoir Heterogeneity Influences on
Particle Detachment 32
2.6 Exploiting Pore Plugging to Preferentially Enhance Oil Recovery 32
2.7 Factors Influencing EOR in Sandstone Reservoirs Subjected to LSWF 45
2.8 Relationships Between Oil Recovery, Salinity, and Wettability Variables 48
2.9 Wetting Mechanisms in Carbonates and Sandstones 51
2.10 Example Field Field-scale Tests and Outcomes of LSWF 53

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