Page 328 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

292 From smart grid to internet of energy

provide interoperability and correlation of heterogeneous systems including
building information models (BIMs), SIMs, and GIS.
Some featured urban IoT applications have been improved in several cities.
May IoT projects on public spaces, lighting, and mobility to improve sustain-
able living and working were get started in the city of Amsterdam, Netherlands
in 2006. Cisco and Philips have developed new concepts and innovations
around network-enabled LED street lighting in the context of smart city appli-
cations. The City 24/7 smart screen project that provides an information plat-
form has been improved in New York, USA. The project delivers smart
screens to present required information incorporating audio, voice, and touch
screen technologies. The smart screens can also be accessed via Wi-Fi at any
time and on any device. Another smart city framework has been implemented
in the city of Nice, France. The citywide project includes four main services of
smart transport, smart lighting, smart waste management, and smart environ-
ment monitoring [60].

7.5.2 IoT applications in smart home environment
Several smart devices and things communicating with a central system com-
prise a featured smart home management system. The central system is defined
with several names as distributed services middleware, home gateway, gateway
and integrator, ZigBee based intelligent self-adjusting sensor (ZiSAS), and so
on. Regardless of its name, smart home management systems (SHMS) receive
monitoring data from sensors, controls smart environment by transmitting com-
mands, and informing the user in case of critical changes occurred. The several
SHMS works that are composed by hardware and software have been surveyed
in [61]. Some of the presented studies are based on mobile applications to con-
trol the SHMS while high share of remainder is based on IoT middleware
including smart metering applications.
The US government has been forced to pursue a considerable persistence on
the DR Management due to the energy consumption of residential users. The
HEMS have been improved regarding to the insistence of government. Thus,
it enabled consumers to get benefit from DR programs while decreasing waste
consumptions. HEMS modules integrated to the customer smart meters operate
as a smart and autonomous agent of the infrastructure. The SHMS and HEMS
tools enable consumers to increase the efficiency and to get involved to service
provider programs such as time-of-day pricing for decreasing energy costs. Ser-
vice providers and governments also take advantage of DR programs due to
SHMS and HEMSs. SHMS include a specific management type that is some-
times named as home energy management system that particularly targets DSM
and DR control. Although both are assumed as same concept, there is a nuance
between them. DSM targets to increase the efficiency of electricity consump-
tion in a general infrastructure while DR aims to change user habits on electric-
ity consumption and control the consumption in an indirect way. The DR
programs are classified into two groups as incentive-based programs (IBP)