Page 329 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Internet of things for smart grid applications Chapter 7 293

and price-based programs (PBP). IBP includes widely known direct load con-
trol and capacity market categories while PBP are TOU, real time pricing
(RTP), and critical peak pricing (CPP) programs that indirectly affect the elec-
tricity consumption habits.
The network communication is performed by a series of area networks such
as NAN. The neighborhood area includes smart home groups interacting via
HANs and data aggregators in a specific geographic area. The NAN is com-
prised by a series of smart devices such as smart meters, DERs, energy storage
devices, and loads. The aggregated data is transmitted over gateways to mon-
itoring and control centers that are located at top of the schematic as shown in
Fig. 7.10. The SHMS is also configured in a layer structure as done in other IoT
applications. The PHY and MAC layers have been presented as device layer
that includes sensors, actuator, and gateways. Several wired and wireless com-
munication networks and HAN, BAN, NAN structures are listed in network
layer. The protocols and services surveyed above are used to perform data
acquisition and aggregation processes as shown in Fig. 7.11. The cloud manage-
ment layer has been proposed as a featured layer holding cloud and management

FIG. 7.11 IoT layers and applications in smart home environment.