Page 325 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Internet of things for smart grid applications Chapter 7 289

TABLE 7.3 Summary of leading LPWAN technologies

Sigfox
Technology LoRa UNB LTE-M NB-IoT
Standard LoRaWAN N/A LTE LTE (Release 13)
(Release 12)
Modulation GFSK, SS D-BPSK BPSK, π/2 BPSK, π/4
method Chirp QPSK, QPSK
OFDMA
Data rate 0.3–38.4 Kbps 100 bps 200 Kbps– Up to 100 Kbps
1 Mbps
Receiver 137 dBm 147 dBm 132 dBm 137 dBm
sensitivity
Max 157 dB 162 dB 155 dB 160 dB
coupling loss
Interference Very high Low Medium Low
immunity
Bidirectional Yes No Yes Yes
Minimum 125 kHz 100, 180 kHz 3.75 kHz
transmission 600 Hz
bandwith
Frequency Sub-GHz Sub-GHz Licensed Licensed
band (868, cellular cellular
902 MHz)
Security 32-bit 16-bit 32-bit N/A
Range 2.5–15 km 3–10 km 35 km-GSM 2.5–15 km
urban, up to urban, urban, up to
200 km-
50 km rural 30–50 km UMTS, LTE 50 km rural
rural
Power Very high Very high Medium Very high
efficiency
Transmitter 20 dBm 15 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm
power
Battery 8–10 years 7–8 years 7–8 years 1–2 years
lifetime

appliance monitoring and operating interfaces, smart city operations in a wide
variety of WSN enabled systems, energy-harvesting systems comprised by
microsources and DERs, remote monitoring and metering systems. The figure
summarizes hardware, software, and communication infrastructures in the con-
text of layer structure of IoT that has been presented in Fig. 7.5.