Page 330 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

294 From smart grid to internet of energy

services [62]. The application layer is responsible to provide required services
and interfaces to users. It includes energy-centric management applications for
DSM, DR, dynamic pricing, and featured applications in addition to SHMS and
HEMS applications. All devices and applications can use any secure IoT pro-
tocols such as HTTPS, MQTT, CoAP, XMPP.
It is noted that smart grid is nominee to be one of the first and largest IoT
infrastructure with its CPS and ICT background. The smart grid promises to be
more efficient, more secure, and cost-effective system by integrating novel IoT
network. The energy generation, transmission, and distribution studies present a
wide literature on integrating smart grid power network and IoT communication
networks.
The discussed works show that smart grid applications at generation, trans-
mission, and distribution networks are still based on conventional, verified, and
rugged communication infrastructures that are assumed to be converted to
emerging IoT system. However, unlicensed communication bands comprising
a huge share of IoT networks are not considered due to security and reliability
issues. The bulk generation and transmission levels of smart grid are operated at
WAN backbones. The AMI and last-meter that is located at the consumption
side are being paid much attention considering LTE based technologies
[63, 64].

7.5.3 IoT-based metering and monitoring applications
One of the most important components of smart grid is smart meter that pro-
vides bidirectional communication and enables customer and service providers
to monitor the consumed energy rates. AMI networks are composed of smart
meters and certain gateways configured in single hop or multi hop networks.
AMI is located in NAN structure as being a component on the customer side
of smart grid. The NAN structure is mostly comprised by using WMNs owing
to its self-organization and self-configuration features. These features enable
any node to establish an automatic connection and reliable transmission in
NAN. As discussed earlier, IEEE 802.11s that improve single hop function
of IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standards to multihop is one of the most widely used
open standards in the context of NANs. Besides, it increases internet connection
functionality and MAC capacities that enable the standard to create smart meter
mesh network including several meters in a NAN area.
The surveyed IoT based smart metering researches have been focused on
WSN, data acquisition, gateway placement and implementation, automatic bill-
ing, real-time pricing, wireless energy monitoring, PLC communication, pri-
vacy, and computational methods to improve SMs [20, 63, 65–68]. The
contributions of smart metering have been defined as supporting smart grid
and smart home applications, acquiring data from heterogeneous WSNs, secure
data management, tracking sensor and actuator data. The interaction between
DSM and AMI environment improves the capability of smart grid system in