Page 334 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

298 From smart grid to internet of energy

based systems generate massive data stacks which is widely named as Big Data.
The generated big data should be stored, processed and retrieved in an efficient
and reliable way. Such an infrastructure requires high capacity hardware and
software assisted operation centers. The big data analytics pose several chal-
lenges that are addressed by using several computational solutions such as cloud
computing, fog computing, edge computing and so on. Although these comput-
ing models are expected to overcome big data analytics, they are required to
meet synchronization, standardization, reliability, and management require-
ments. The heterogonous CPS structure of an IoT based smart grid poses to
another challenge on node-to-node interoperability due to different hardware
and software are used on the same platform. Thus, interoperability is an out-
standing criterion on integrating IoT and smart grid infrastructures.
Security and privacy of data acquisition, storage, and retrieving are crucial
for IoT as well as CPS security. Security poses a serious challenge for IoT inte-
gration to smart grid infrastructure due to inadequacy of commonly embraced
security architecture in IoT. The literature surveys show that attacks on IoT sys-
tems targets the impersonation, interception, data manipulation, access threats,
and authorization issues. On the other hand, user and consumer privacy is
another significant priority in IoT based smart grid infrastructure. These vulner-
abilities of smart grid and IoT to cyber-attacks should be coped with novel pro-
tection algorithms. Fig. 7.12 illustrates the relationship of IoT applications
along smart grid segments and layers where the applications have been grouped
into six classes as generation, transmission, distribution, consumption, big data
analyses, and security considering the surveyed papers. Moreover, open issues
and future research directions have been listed into five subsections that have
been foreseen to be extensively researched and studied in near future. The sig-
nificant topics are discussed in the context of IoT architectures, IoT based smart
building management systems, cyber security and privacy, big data and cloud
management, and computational methods that are used in IoT-based smart grid
for data processing and data fusion. The open research topics are summarized
regarding to previously discussed challenges. To this end, IoT architectures and
improvement subsection presents a summary on recent computing methods
considering fog and edge types. The open issues of smart building management
and smart grid application in daily life are listed in second subsection while
future research directions on cyber security and privacy issue are given in third
subsection. The prospectus research areas on big data and cloud computing, and
computational methods for IoT-based smart grid applications are presented in
the following subsections. Finally, a subsection is presented for standardization
and interoperability of IoT-based smart grid.

7.6.1 IoT architectures and improvements

Most of the IoT applications are based on cloud computing methods that are
supported by ICT companies hosting cloud services. The cloud services and
applications provide essential efficiency, flexibility, and data management