Page 93 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

78 From smart grid to internet of energy

for TSO and DSOs is to enable DSM by establishing a two-way communication
infrastructure for smart meters. Another important contribution of HAN is its
capability to get connected to outer world by NAN interactions.
A wide variety of technologies including PLC, IEEE 1901 broadband over
power lines (BPL), ITU-T G.984 gigabit passive optical network (GPON),
IEEE 802.3ah ethernet passive optical network (EPON), IEEE 802.11 wireless
local area network (WLAN), IEEE 802.15.1 wireless personal area network
(WPAN), IEEE 802.15.4 low rate WPAN (LoWPAN) and asymmetric digital
subscriber line (ADSL) comprise the heterogenous environment of HAN archi-
tecture as common communication technologies.
The PLC is one of the most widely used wireline communication technology
that is based on data transmission over power lines. Internet based infrastruc-
tures can be used in the context of BPL connections for wireline communication
of first mile and last mile devices. The fundamental benefit of wireline commu-
nication is its reliability and robustness against interference. The ADSL and
fiber optic technologies including GPON and EPON are also widely used
besides PLC in wireline communication systems. The data transmission rates
of DSL line vary between 10 Mbps and 10 Gbps while fiber optics extends these
ranges up to 160 Gbps. Two major PLC technologies that are narrow band PLC
(NB-PLC) and broadband PLC (BB-PLC) are classified according to their
transmission frequencies.
The NB-PLC can be used in low and high voltage line up to 150 km transmis-
sion length and operates up to 500 kHz transmission frequency. On the other
hand, BB-PLC allows high data transmission rates up to 200 Mbps and high trans-
mission frequencies up to 30 MHz [2, 13]. Regardlessofwirelineorwireless,
the communication technologies interact with HAN over PHY and MAC layers.

2.3.2.2 Neighborhood area network
The NAN is located between HAN and NAN to serve as a central bridge of
smart metering infrastructure devices. The NB-PLC can be used in low and high
voltage line up to 150 km transmission length and operates data transmission
through HAN and WAN systems. In addition to communication technologies
that are used in HAN, there are several additional technologies are used in
NAN networks for communication. NAN allows use of open standard to
increase reliability, security, interoperability and flexibility of system. More-
over, NAN enables internet-based communication technologies to be used in
architecture. The transmission rate of wireless communication can be extended
up to 1Gbps by the contribution of IEEE 802.11 WLAN. The MAC based LoW-
PAN enables to communicate in 868 MHz, 902–908 MHz, and 2.4 GHz license
free bands. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a basis for ZigBee that is a low-cost
and easily integrated device for smart metering applications. Moreover, several
cellular technologies such as universal mobile telecommunications system
(UMTS) and long-term evolution (LTE) are used in communication architec-
ture of NAN and they are capable to interact with PHY and MAC layers.