Page 156 - Fundamentals of Air Pollution

124 8. Effects on Vegetation and Animals

TABLE 8-3
Fluoride Tolerance of Animals (ppm wt in Ration, Dry)"
Finishing animals to be sold for
Breeding or lactating slaughter with average feeding
Species animals (ppm) 6 period (ppm)*
Dairy, beef heifers 30 100
Dairy cows 30 100
Beef cows 40 100
Steers — 100
Sheep 50 160
Horse 60
Swine 70
—
Turkeys 100
Chickens — 150
" Data based on soluble fluoride; increased values for insoluble fluoride compounds.
* 1 ppm wt = 1 mg/kg.

that increased consumption of aluminum and calcium salts can reduce the
toxicity of fluorides in animals.

REFERENCES

1. Levitt, ]., "Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses." Academic Press, New York,
1972.
2. Hindawi I. I., "Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation, AP-71." United States Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Raleigh, NC, 1970.
3. Treshow, M., "Environment and Plant Response." McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
4. Heck, W. W., and Brandt, C. S., Effects on vegetation, in "Air Pollution," 3rd ed., Vol.
Ill (A. C. Stern, ed.), pp. 157-229. Academic Press, New York, 1977.
5. Hileman, B., Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 495A-499A (1982).
6. Heck, W. W., Heagle, A. S., and Shriner, D. S., Effects on vegetation: native, crops,
forests, in "Air Pollution VI" (A. C. Stern, ed.), pp. 247-350. Academic Press, Orlando,
FL, 1986.
7. "McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology," Vol. 5, p. 658. McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1982.
8. Smith, W. H., Environ. Pollut. 6, 111-129 (1974).
9. Smith, W. H., "Air Pollution and Forests: Interaction between Air Contaminants and
Forest Ecosystems," 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
10. Went, F. W., Nature (London) 187, 641-643 (1960).
11. Rasmussen, R. A., /. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 22, 537-543 (1972).
12. Bremmer, J. M., and Steele, C. G., Adv. Microbiol. Ecol. 2, 155-201 (1978).
13. Keller, T., Environ. Pollut. 16, 243-247 (1978).
14. Linzon, S. N., /. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 21, 81-86 (1971).