Page 19 - Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

CONTENTS XIX

Fig. 4.2 Orientation of Darcy's apparatus with respect to the Earth's gravitational field 102

Fig. 4.3 Referring reservoir pressures to a datum level in the reservoir, as datum
pressures (absolute units) 112

Fig. 4.4 The radial flow of oil into a well under steady state flow conditions 113

Fig. 4.5 Radial pressure profile for a damaged well 114

Fig. 4.6 (a) Typical oil and water viscosities as functions of temperature, and (b) pressure
profile within the drainage radius of a steam soaked well 116

Fig. 4.7 Oil production rate as a function of time during a multi-cycle steam soak 116

Fig. 4.8 (a) Effective and (b) corresponding relative permeabilities, as functions of the
water saturation. The curves are appropriate for the description of the
simultaneous flow of oil and water through a porous medium 118

Fig. 4.9 Alternative manner of normalising the effective permeabilities to give relative
permeability curves 119

Fig. 4.10 Water saturation distribution as a function of distance between injection and
production wells for (a) ideal or piston-like displacement and (b) non-ideal
displacement 121

Fig. 4.11 Illustrating two methods of mobilising the residual oil remaining after a
conventional waterflood 124

Fig. 5.1 Radial flow of a single phase fluid in the vicinity of a producing well. 128

Fig. 5.2 Radial flow under semi-steady state conditions 130

Fig. 5.3 Reservoir depletion under semi-steady state conditions. 132

Fig. 5.4 Radial flow under steady state conditions 132

Fig. 6.1 Pressure distribution and geometry appropriate for the solution of the radial
diffusivity equation under semi-state conditions 136

Fig. 6.2 Pressure profile during the steam soak production phase 140

Fig. 6.3 Pressure profiles and geometry (Exercise 6.1) 142

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Fig. 6.4 Dietz shape factors for various geometries (Reproduced by courtesy of the SPE
of the AIME). 146

Fig. 7.1 Constant terminal rate solution; (a) constant production rate (b) resulting decline
in the bottom hole flowing pressure 148

Fig. 7.2 The exponential integral function ei(x) 153

Fig. 7.3 Graph of the ei-function for 0.001 ≤ × ≤ 5.0 154