Page 927 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

882 Index

Strong-acid ion-exchanger, 517–518, 536 Trapezoidal grit chamber, 158 dispersion estimation, 635
Strong-base ion-exchanger, 517, 536 Treatability, definition, 718 mathematical model for, 634–635
Styrene monomer, 516–517, 536 Tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, see Citric acid Underdrain, 406, 408–409, 420
Sulfonic acid functional groups, 518, 536 cycle Uniformity coefficient (UC), 832
Supercritical fluid (SCF), 644 Trickling filter Unit filter run volume (UFRV), 391
Supercritical reactors, see Supercritical biofilms, 740–741 Unit processes
water oxidation definition, 76, 718 definition, 4–5
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO); see also kinetic model, 72–73 kinetic models
Supercritical fluid (SCF) Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), 41 first-order kinetics, 71–72, 75
characteristics, 651–652 Trivalent metal ions gas transfer rate, 72
factors, 653 alkalinity second-order kinetics, 72, 75
in-a-nutshell, 650–651 alum-demand, 204 substrate degradation, 72
pulp and paper mill sludge, 653, 655 alum on pH, 204–205, 226, 228, 234 trickling filter, 72–73
reactors, 652–653 role, 204 matching with contaminant, 57
technical development, 653–654 alum=ferric iron and water reactions principles
Superficial velocity, 820; see also Hydraulic coagulation diagrams construction, sink, 57, 76
loading rate 209–210, 226 transport mechanisms, 59–62
definition, 832 coagulation zones, 209 proprietary innovation, 5
porous media hydraulics, 820 concentration expression, 203–204 reactors
Supernatant water, 420 liquid alum, 204, 226 batch reactor, 66
Super-pulsator, 321 manufacture, 226 definition, 62
Supersaturation, 234 polynuclear species, 210 materials balance principle, 62–66
Surface overflow rate (SOR), 132 sequential hydrolysis reactions, 205–206 nonsteady state reactor, 67–68
Surface water treatment rule (SWTR), 420 speciation, 210 spreadsheet method, 68–71
Suspended-growth reactor, 717 species equilibrium, 206–209 steady state reactor, 66–67
Suspended solids (SS), definition, 717 waters of hydration, 203 types, 62
Synthetic aluminum polymers, 210–211 Trophic classification, 718 zero reaction rate, 67
Synthetic resins Tube settlers, 127–128, 132 spectrum of, 57–59
chelating resins, 517 Turbidimeter, 234, 391 status of, 7
commercial designations, 517–518 Turbidity technologies, 5–7
cross-linking, 516 definition, 420, 718 Units, see International system, units
described, 458–459 influent vs.effluent filter, 397 U.S. standard sieve series, 506
framework of, 516 vs. time, 415 UV, see Ultraviolet radiation
functional ionic groups, 516–517 Turbine aerator
strong-acid=strong-base groups, 517 described, 604 V
swelling of, 519 general design requirements, 593–594
weak-acid=weak-base groups, 517 history, 572 Vacuum filters, 438
Synthetic zeolites, 516 sketch of impeller, 593 Vacuum flotation, 187
theory, working equation derivation, 582–583 van der Waals forces, 234, 325–326
T Turbine flocculators, 315, 320 van’t Hoff equation, 785–786
Two-film theory, Fick’s law, 575–579 van’t Hoff relation, 469, 554, 604
Tailwater control, 411–412, 420 Tyler sieve series, 506 Velocity, 820–821
Tertiary treatment Venturi, 640
Colorado Springs, 495 U Venturi meter, 812, 816
definition, 718 Viscosity, 847
process, 506 Ultrafiltration, 569 Volatile suspended solids (VSS), 718
South Lake Tahoe, 494–495 Ultraviolet (UV) lamps
uses, 464–465 components of, 632–633 W
water factory 21, 495–496 operation of, 634
Thermodynamic system, 718 types of, 632 Wallace and Tiernan’s chlorination apparatus, 634
Thermophilic, definition, 718 Ultraviolet radiation (UV) Warburg respirometer, 718
Ton container, 639 cryptosporidium inactivation by, 626 Warren filter, 331–332
Total organic carbon (TOC), 194, 234, 506, 718 design guidelines, 633 Waste diatomite disposal, 447
Total organic halides (TOX), 41 disinfection rate by, 624–625 Waste water treatment system; see also Biological
Tracer dosages for 1-log inactivation, 625 treatment system
definition, 76 factors affecting, 628 alum
test, 76 fundamentals diluting alum, 844
Transmittance, 627, 639 Beer–Lambert law, 627 flow measurement, 845
Transport mechanisms mechanism of microorganism mass flow calculations, 845
macro transport, 59 inactivation, 627 biological treatment
mathematics of, 60–62 mercury lamps, 627 contaminants, 683
Transport mechanisms, mixing power of UV radiation at lamp, 627 industrial, 681–683
advection, 245–246, 284 radiant energy spectrum, 626–627 municipal, 681
regime radiant power efficiency, 628 energy expenditure, 8
perikinetic and orthokinetic, 252 history, 611–612 environmental engineering, 16–17
turbulent to diffusion ratio, 252–253 lamps and components, 632–633 hazardous wastes, 12–13
turbulence Log R’s by, 625 in-a-nutshell, 3
diffusing substances, diffusion rate and operating=maintenance costs, 633 industrial wastewater, 10–12
sinks, 251–252 operation, 634 mixing applications, 241–242
energy spectrum, 248–251 reactors, 631–632 organizing water knowledge, 3–4
generation, 247–248 Ultraviolet (UV) reactor process design, 849–850
views, 246–247 design, 634 residuals stream, 3