Page 924 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

Index 879

Osmotic pressure calculation, 554–555 throat, 160 SOR and HLR(cross section and Horiz
Ostwald coefficient, 868 transition-submergence, 160 plane) relationship, 126–127, 131
Oxidants trapezoidal grit chamber, 158 up-flow plate settlers, effective plate area,
chlorine, 647 Particle collision frequency, 296–299 126
chlorine dioxide, 649–650 curvilinear model, 297 Plug-flow reactor, 287
Fe 2þ and Mn 2þ reactions, 650 a factor, 296–297 Pneumatic grade line (PGL), 159–160
hydroxyl radical, 649 kinetic rate constant, 296 Poiseuille law, 552–553
ozone, 647–649 rectilinear and curvilinear models Poliovirus, 419, 639
permanganate, 649 relation, 297 Poly-electrolyte, 535
titanium dioxide, 650 rectilinear model, 297–298 Polymers
Oxidation temperature effect, 299 anionic, 228
applications, 643 Particle density, 460, 505 bridges, 324
definition, 643, 715 Particle fouling, 557 bridging, 229
half reaction method, 645–646 Particle settling carboxyl group, 229
history principles, 95 cationic, 229
electromotive potential, 643–644 Stokes’ law, 95–97 characteristics, 219
supercritical fluid (SCF), 644 suspensions charge neutralize, 229
wet-oxidation, 644 compression, 99 copolymer, 230
oxidants, 647–650 discrete particle, 97–98 cross-linking, 230
oxidation number, 646 flocculent, 98 definitions, 218–219
reaction quotient, 657 hindered, 98–99 handling method, 227–228
redox reaction, 645 Particulate organic carbon (POC), 41 liquid, 227
supercritical fluid (SCF), 650–655 Peptide bond, 715 nonionic, 233
thermodynamic relation, 646–647 Perikinetic coagulation, 233 polyelectrolyte, 234
Oxidation number, 646 Perlitet, 425, 452 selection
Oxidation potential, 715 Permeability concentration, 224–226
Oxidative phosphorylation, 715 definition, 832 feeding, 224
Oxygen transfer efficiency (OTR), 594 Hagen–Poiseuille equation, 827–828 packaging, 223–224
Oxygen transfer in activated sludge, 572 Kozeny theory, 828 prepared batches, 224
Ozone models, 827–829 screening, 221–223
chemistry, 622 test, 825–826 specification sheets, 224
generation, 647–648 Trussell and Chang theory, 828–829 solid, 227
generators, 630–631 pH, 535 structure
history, 610–611 Phosphate precipitation, 671 functional groups, 220
inactivation of microorganisms by, 614 Phosphorous uptake, 702–703 monomers, 220–221, 233
kinetics, 648–649 Photosynthesis, 715 types, 221
operation, 633–634 Phototrophs, 681 synthetic aluminum, 210–211
Physical–chemical treatment (PCT), 505 in wastewater treatment, 219–220
P Physical constants, 774 Polysaccharide, 715
Physicochemical treatment, 233–234 Pore diffusion, 504
PAC, see Powdered activated carbon Piezometer Pore size distribution, 505–506
Package filtration systems, 379–380 definition, 389 Pore-surface diffusion method, 504
Packed-bed reactor setup, 816 Porosity
concentration profile in, 473 slow sand filters, 411 definition, 460, 506, 826
definition, 64 Pilot plants measurement, 827
design protocols for GAC, 490 Bellingham pilot plant, 375 Porous media hydraulics
hydraulics of, 462 chemical and physical factors, 376 applications, 819
quick-and-dirty mass balance, 480 coagulation, 218 Darcy’s law, 821–822, 827, 831
sizing a, from isotherm, 481 contaminant injection, 376–377 dispersion, 831–832
theory data handling, 378 flow regimes, 819, 821
advection kinetics, 474–476 definition, 389 Forchheimer flow regime, 829–832
characteristics of output curve, 477–489 filter column, 377 hydrodynamics, 831
mathematics, 473–474 flotation, 181–182 interstitial velocity, 820
simulation modeling, 476–477 Fort Collins pilot plant, 375 intrinsic permeability, 822–825, 832
variables and magnitudes for, 487–488 Plankton, 715 permeability, 827–829, 832
Paddle-wheel flocculator design principles Plate-and-frame modules, 545 porosity, 826–827
camp’s equation derivation, 306–307, 323 Plate settlers pressure nomenclature, 820
characteristics, 323 Andijik WRK III design, 130 Reynolds number, 819
flotation system, 322 design, 130 superficial velocity, 820
system–design, 322 particle path, 122–123 velocity, 820–821
system–power, 322 particle sizes removal, 130 Potable, 41; see also Water quality
uniform turbulence, 322 performance evaluation, 130 Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 457, 505
units, 308 Reynolds number calculation, 130 Practice–horizontal flow grit chambers
Parabolic grit chamber sizes of units, 124 design and performance, 147–148
mathematics, 146 sludge removal, 123 removal equipment, 148
and Parshall flume, 146–147, 157–158 surface overflow rates, 124 Precipitation
Parshall flume suspension flows, 131 anions
free flow and submerged flow, 139–142, 159 systems, 123–124 cyanide, 672
and parabolic grit chamber, 146–147 theory phosphate, 671
and rectangular grit chamber, 142–146 floc particle sizes removal, 127 applications, 661–662
submerged flow, 160 mathematics, 124–126 basins, 672