Page 921 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

876 Index

drag description, 571 Grit chambers; see also specific grift chambers
coefficients, 791–792 design aerated
drag equations, 791 aerator, 589–591 practice, 154–157
flow regime, 791 equipment, 591–597 principles, 150
flow measurement operation, 597 theory, 150–154
characteristics, 808–809 direction, 572 collection zone, 159
definition, 808 history, 571–573 control section, 159
orifice plate meter, 809–812 vs. mass-transfer process, 571 definition, 159
propeller meters, 814–815 Onda coefficients, 602–603 design, 135
rectangular weir, 812–813 rate limiting mechanism of, 600 horizontal flow
triangular weir, 813–814 reactor types for, 592 design and performance, 147–148
venturi meter, 812, 816 theory removal equipment, 148
gas constant, 815 equilibria, 573 theory, 135–137
gas state, 816 kinetics, 573–583 velocity control, 137–147
hydraulic grade line, 815 reactor modeling, 583–589 organics, 159
manifold, 816 two-film theory, 575–579 performance estimation, 158
calculation algorithm, 798–799 Gel polarization quantity, 158
flow distribution, 797 cross-flow velocity, 559 separation zone, 160
headloss effect, 797–798 defined, 557, 566 trapezoidal, 158
spreadsheet algorithm, 799–800 factors affecting, 558 Growth rate, 784
pipe flow analysis feed-water solute concentration effect, 559
energy conservation, 796 gel-layer development, 558
fluid shear, 794–795 pressure–flux relationship, effect of, 558–559 H
materials balance, 795–796 temperature effect, 559 Hamaker constant, 387–388
polytropic, 816 Gel-type ion-exchange resin, 534 Happel collector, 388
power supply, 797 General Conference on Weights and Measures Hardness
pressure head, 816 (Conférence Générale des Poids et calcium carbonate, conversion, 667–668
Fluoride removal, activated alumina, 520 Mesures, CGPM), 765 lime-soda, 669
Flux density, 552, 555, 563–565 Geometric mean, 787 occurrence, 667
Food-to-microorganism (F=M) ratio, 734–735 Geosmin, 656, 712 softening reactions, 668–669
Fort Collins pilot plant, 375 Giardia cysts types, 668
Fossil diatoms, 425 cake filtration process, 432 Hardness number, 459–460, 503
Fouling
hypochlorite concentration of, 634 Hazardous wastes treatment, 12–13
concentration polarization Giardia lamblia, 419 Headloss, 401–403, 411, 415, 419
cross-flow velocity, 559
Giardia muris, 419, 637 Headwater, 419
defined, 557 Giardiasis, 419, 637 Heavy metal, 713
factors affecting, 558
Gibbs free energy, 534, 712–713 Henry’s law
feed-water solute concentration effect, 559
Glauoconites, 515–516, 534 flotation
gel-layer development, 558
Glycosis, 713; see also Embden–Meyerhoff applications of, 599
pressure–flux relationship effect, 558–559
pathway constant, 186
temperature effect, 559 Gouy–Chapman model double layer, dissolved air concentration, 184
definition, 556, 604
200, 231 dissolved nitrogen concentration,
particle, 557 Granular activated carbon (GAC); see also 165–166, 184
reversible and irreversible, 557 Activated carbon dissolved oxygen concentration, 165, 184
Fractal, 131 characteristics of gas transfer, 164–166, 573
Frankley water treatment plant, 182–183
hydraulics of packed beds, 462 gas solubility
Free available chlorine, 618, 637 index numbers, 460 application, 863–864
Free radical, 534
internal structure, 460–461 constant data, 860
Freundlich isotherm microscopic structure, 462 constant, units, 856–857
coefficients, 470–471, 499–501
physical properties, 459–460 data sources, 860–862
empirical relationship, 503 definition, 854
pore size, 462
vs. Langmuir isotherm, 470 cost of, 496–497 discovery and evolution, 855
logarithmic form, 469
definition, 457 gas solubility, 862–863
plots, 469–470 pilot plant, 493 solubility expression, 856
sizing a packed-bed reactor, 481 pressure loss, 462–463 temperature effect, 859–860
Froude number, 847
Fulvic acid, 40 reactors at Denver Potable Water Reuse thermodynamic data, 864–865
Plant, 485 unit conversions, 857–858
run time estimation, 498–499 volatility expression, 855–856
G
design and operation parameters for, 486 Heterodisperse, 325
GAC, see Granular activated carbon determination of headloss in, 463 Heterotrophs, definition, 681, 713
Gas chromatograph, 503 effects of backwashing, 462 High-pressure UV lamps, 632
Gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC-MS), mass of, 497 Hindered and compression settling
503–504 packed bed reactor, design protocol, 490 final settling, limiting flux density
Gas constant, 775 performance of, contaminant sources activated sludge and basin processes,
Gas data and calculations, 775 and organic contaminants, 492 109, 129, 131–132
Gas precipitation, 419 pollutants, 494 design, 129
Gas transfer for taste-and-odor control, 490 evaluation procedure, 110–111
applications, 571 in water treatment, 491 mass balance relations, 109–110
case studies Gravel support, 410–411, 419 operating variable changes, 129
air stripping, 597–599 Greensand, see Glauoconites performance evaluation, 129
fine-bubble diffusers, 597 Grid diffusers, 573 secondary clarifier operation, 129