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1.2 Heat Flow and Deep Temperatures in Europe  15



                                Great Glen  Aberdeen                        Göteborg
                                      7,5                              Aalborg
                                    Tay
                                      Dundee
                                                                      7,5
                                  7.5                               7.5       Hälsingborg
                                                                     Aassus
                                                                   Ringkobing
                                 Glasgow  Edinburgh                        Köben-
                                                         Denmark                Malmö
                                      7,5                          Esbjerg  havn
                                                                        Odense
                            Bann
                          agh
                             Belfast  Eden  Newcastle
                                        Ure
                                                                        Kiel
                         olin
                                       Leeds
                           7,5      Liverpool                           Hamburg
                                                                     Bremen
                                                            Groningen
                                England                              Weser  Aller  Berlin
                                     Semm Brainngham
                                       Avon  10 Use                    Hannover
                                                     Amsterdam
                                                    Den Haag
                                                         Arnhem
                                                                         5        Elbe
                                        Thames
                                                                        7,5
                                                               10
                                   Bristol
                                           London
                                 Exe  10                 Eindhoven  Düsseldorf 7.5  Dresden
                             Plymouth                                       Erfurt
                                                    Gent  Antwerpen  Rhein
                                                      Schelde  Bruxelles  Bonn  5  5
                                                               7,5  7,5 7,5  Frankfurt  Main
                                                                    10
                                                              Luxembourg
                                           le Havre                      Nürnberg
                                                                     10
                                                   10  Reims                  7,5  Donau
                             Brest
                                                  Paris      Moselle
                                10      10                            Stuttgart  Inn
                                  10        10     Seine
                                       10                          Freiburg        Salzt
                                           le Mans               7,5       München
                                                                    5
                                           Loire
                                          France          Dijon  Besel
                                                                7.5
                                     Nantes                           Zürich  2,5
                                                                            Innabruck
                                                                7,5         2.5  5
                                                         10     Bern         2,3  5
                                                      10
                                     12,5
                                                                   2,5          5
                                                                               7,5
                                                       10
                                                              Geneve  10  7,5  10
                                          Limoges      Lyon                    12,5
                                                                   12,5 12.5      Venezia
                                                                     Milano
                                                                2,5          Po
                                        Bordeaux                           Italy
                                                  5
                                                 7,5      Grenoble  2,5
                                                Lot  5
                                                        Rhône          Genova  Bologna
                                                    5
                                         Garonne
                                                           5
                                                       12,5     5       12,5 10 7,5
                                                      12.5  7,5  Monaco  15  Firenze  10
                                          Toulouse                               12,5  10
                                                  Montpellier  10              12,5
                                                            Marseille
                               Bilbao              15                               Tevere
                                            10
                                            7,5                                  12,5
                                             5
                                                  15                      Bastia  15
                                  Ebro
                                                                        10
                                                                        10
                                                                    Ajaccio
                                 Zaragoza                               12,5 15
                                                Barcelona
                           Madrid
                                                                       15  10
                                   Valencia                             15  12,5
                                Jucar
                                    500 km                            17,5  Cagliari
                         Figure 1.8  Mean annual surface (air) temperature (in de-
                         grees centigrade) in Western Europe as published in Haenel
                         et al. (1980), after a Climatic Atlas published in 1970 by UN-
                         ESCO.
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