Page 462 - Global Tectonics

444 REFERENCES

arrays in the southern Sierra Nevada and vicinity, California. Karlstrom, K.E. et al. (2001) Long-lived (1.8–1.0 Ga) convergent
J. geophys. Res. 103, 10065–90. orogen in southern Laurentia, its extensions to Australia and
Jones, C.H. et al. (1992) Variations across and along a major con- Baltica, and implications for refi ning Rodinia. Precambrian Res.
tinental rift: an interdisciplinary study of the Basin and Range 111, 5–30.
Province, Western USA. Tectonophysics 213, 57–96. Karlstrom, K.E. et al. (2002) Structure and evolution of the litho-
Jones, D.G., Silberling, N.J. & Hillhouse, J. (1977) Wrangellia – a sphere beneath the Rocky Mountains: initial results from the
displaced terrane in northwestern North America. Can. J. Earth CD-ROM Experiment. GSA Today 12, 4–10.
Sci. 14, 2565–77. Karson, J.A. (2002) Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic
Jones, D.L. et al. (1983) Recognition, character and analysis of crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers.
tectonostratigraphic terranes in western North America. In Annu. Rev. Earth planet. Sci. 30, 347–84.
Hashimoto, M. & Uyeda, S. (eds) Accretion Tectonics in the Karson, J.A. et al. (1987) Along-axis variations in seafl oor spreading
circum-Pacifi c Regions, pp. 21–35. Terra Scientifi c, Tokyo. in the MARK area. Nature 328, 681–5.
Jones, E.J.W. (1999) Marine Geophysic. Wiley, Chichester, Karson, J.A. et al. (2002) Structure of Uppermost fast-spread
England. oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: implications for
Jordan, T.A. & Watts, A.B. (2005) Gravity anomalies, fl exure and subaxial processes at the East Pacifi c Rise. Geochem. Geophys.
the elastic thickness structure of the India–Eurasia collisional Geosyst. 3, doi: 10.1029/2001GC000155.
system. Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 236, 732–50. Karson, J.A. et al. (2006) Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis
Jordan, T.E. et al. (1983) Andean tectonics related to geometry of Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°N. Geochem.
subducted Nazca plate. Bull. geol. Soc. Am. 94, 341–61. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, Q06016, doi:10.1029/2005GC001109.
Jordan, T.E. et al. (2001) Extension and basin formation in Kaula, W.M. (1975) Absolute plate motions by boundary velocity
the southern Andes caused by increased convergence minimizations. J. geophys. Res. 80, 244–8.
rate: a mid-Cenozoic trigger for the Andes. Tectonics 20, Kay, R, Hubbard, N.J. & Gast, P.W. (1970) Chemical characteris-
308–24. tics and origin of oceanic ridge volcanic rocks. J. geophys. Res.
Jurdy, D.M. & Stefanick, M. (1983) Flow models for back-arc 75, 1585–613.
spreading. Tectonophysics 99, 191–206. Kearey, P., Brooks, M. & Hill, I. (2002) Introduction to Geophysical
Kamp, P.J.J., Green, P.F. & Tippett, J.M. (1992) Tectonic architec- Exploration, 3rd edn. Blackwell Publications, Oxford.
ture of the mountain front–foreland basin transition, South Keen, C. & Tramontini, C. (1970) A seismic refraction survey on

Island, New Zealand, assessed by fission track analysis. Tecton- the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Geophys. J. Roy. astr. Soc. 20, 473–91.
ics 11, 98–113. Keir, D. et al. (2006) Strain accommodation by magmatism and
Kanasewich, E.R. (1976) Plate tectonics and planetary convection. faulting as rifting proceeds to breakup: seismicity of the north-
Can. J. Earth Sci. 13, 331–40. ern Ethiopian rift. J. geophys. Res. 111, B05314, doi:10.1029/
Karabinos, P. et al. (1998) Taconic orogeny in the New England 2005JB003748.
Appalachians: collision between Laurentia and the Shelburne Kelemen, P.B., Yogodzinski, G.M. & Scholl, D.W. (2003)
Falls arc. Geology 26, 215–18. Along-strike variation in lavas of the Aleutian arc: genesis
Kárason, H. & van der Hilst, R.D. (2000) Constraints on mantle of high Mg andesite and implications for continental crust.
convection from seismic tomography. In Richards, M.A., In Eiler, J. (ed.) Inside the Subduction Factory. Geophys.
Gordon, R. & van der Hilst, R.D. (eds) The History and Dynam- Monogr. Ser. 138, pp. 223–76. American Geophysical Union,
ics of Global Plate Motion. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 121, pp. 277–88. Washington, DC.
American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. Keller, R.G. & Hatcher, Jr, R.D. (1999) Some comparisons of the
Karato, S.-I. (1998) Seismic anisotropy in the deep mantle, bound- structure and evolution of the southern Appalachian–Oua-
ary layers and the geometry of mantle convection. Pure Appl. chita orogen and portions of the Trans-European Suture Zone
Geophys. 151, 565–87. region. Tectonophysics 314, 43–68.
Karato, S.-I. & Wu, P. (1993) Rheology of the upper mantle: a Kellogg, L.H. & King, S.D. (1997) The effect of temperature
synthesis. Science 260, 771–8. dependent viscosity on the structure of new plumes in the
Karato, S.-I., Zhang, S. & Wenk, H.-R. (1995) Superplasticity in mantle: results of a finite element model in a spherical axisym-

the Earth’s lower mantle: evidence from seismic anisotropy metrical shell. Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 148, 13–26.
and rock physics. Science 270, 458–61. Kelly, D.S. et al. (2001) An off-axis hydrothermal vent fi eld near
Karig, D.E. (1970) Ridges and basins of the Tonga–Kermadec the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N. Nature 412, 145–9.
island arc system. J. geophys. Res. 75, 239–54. Kelly, D.S., Baross, J.A. & Delaney, J.R. (2002) Volcanoes, fl uids
Karig, D.E. & Kay, R.W. (1981) Fate of sediments on the descend- and life at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Annu. Rev. Earth
ing plate at convergent margins. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A planet. Sci. 30, 385–491.
301, 233–51. Kendall, J.-M. et al. (2005) Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia.
Karl, D.M. et al. (1988) Loihi Seamount, Hawaii: a mid-plate volcano Nature 433, 146–8.
with a distinctive hydrothermal system. Nature 335, 532–5. Kennedy, M.J., Christie-Blick, N. & Prave, A.R. (2001) Carbon
Karlstrom, K.E. & Williams, M.L. (1998) Heterogeneity of the isotopic composition of Neoproterozoic glacial carbonates as
middle crust: implications for strength of continental litho- a test of paleoceanographic models for snowball Earth
sphere. Geology 26, 815–18. phenomena. Geology 29, 1135–8.