Page 471 - Handbook Of Multiphase Flow Assurance

472 Index

Gas hydrate formation (Continued) regeneration plants product, 122
solid particles, 183 thermodynamic inhibitors, 111, 115
water-based compounds, 183 types, 112
in wells and in natural settings, 125–126 Grease-sealed glass flask, 237
Gas hydrates Greenhouse effect, 223–224, 224–225f, 282
annual cost for preventing, 280–281 Gypsum, 178, 180
applications, 282
deposition, 222 H
greenhouse effect, 223–224, 224–225f, 282 Halley comet hypothesis, 128f
industrial applications, 224–225, 226–227f Hardware cost
as industrial hazards, 223 infrastructure-led exploration, 24
kinetics Na-Kika semi-submersible platform, 25
experimental studies, 235 net present value, 24
factors, 235 Heat accumulator, hydrate as, 225
growth rate, 234 Heavy oil, 143–144
inhibitors, 235 management, 198
locations in world, 281, 281f viscosity, 208
in nature, 281 Heterogeneous nucleation, 102
offshore deposits, 282, 283–284f High integrity pressure protection system (HIPPS), 73,
in oil and gas industry, 222 81, 207, 462, 463t
phase transitions in, 235–236 High pressure high temperature (HPHT) reservoirs, 23,
pressure and temperature of, 222 56–57, 207, 461–462t
properties and structures, 282 High temperature gas chromatograph (HTGC), 163, 168
crystalline compound, 228 The Hill-Wood model, 75
cubic structure I and II, 228, 230, 231f Hirschberg model, 142, 146
geometric properties, 228, 231t Historic pigging models, 171–173
guest and water molecules, 228, 229f, 232 H 2 S samples, 44
hexagonal, 230, 232f HTGC. See High temperature gas chromatograph
pure components, 232 (HTGC)
sI and sII hydrate formation, 228, 230f Hydrate blockage
small size, 230–232 calculating location in pipe, 109–110
thermodynamics model, 232 case studies in flowlines, 131
related substances on computers, 297, 298t causes of pipeline ruptures, 132
reserve of carbon in, 281 characteristics, 37
as source of hydrocarbon fuel, 226–228, 229f multiple, 16
in space, 282 onshore field, 15–16
stability, 293–294 partial, 16
storage and main-line transportation, 282 rate of, 104
at thermodynamics conditions remediation
with inhibitors, 233–234 dissociation temperature, 119, 120–121t
without inhibitors, 233 melting temperature, 119
Gas oil ratio (GOR), 122 versus other flowline time, 99–101
liquid components vs.vapor components, 49 preliminary estimation, 118
reservoir fluid sample, 45 prevention of, 110–117
Geothermal profile, 126, 126f projects, 100–101
Gibbs free energy, 102 rate of, 104
Gibbs's phase rule, 233 regional environmental regulations, 122
Global warming, 223, 224f Hydrate control chemicals, 192–193
Glycols Hydrate crystal growth
combination of salt and, 117 computer modeling, 295
modern recovery method, 112 in directions of crystal vertices, 303
prevent hydrate formation, 233 at gas-liquid interface, 286
properties, 113 inhibition, 296–297
reboiler, 176 measurements, 312