Page 26 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents XXV

27.2.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 907
27.2.2.2 Accelerating-Rate Calorimeter (ARC) 908
27.2.2.3 Thermal Ramp Test 908
27.2.2.4 Large-Scale Calorimetry 908
27.2.3 Standardized Safety and Abuse Tolerance Test Procedures 909
27.3 Typical Failure Modes 910
27.3.1 Gas Generation 915
27.3.2 Physical Damage 916
27.3.3 Charge and Discharge Failures 916
27.3.4 Short Circuit 917
27.4 Safety Devices 918
27.5 Discussion of Safety and Abuse Response for Battery
Chemistries 919
27.5.1 Zinc–Carbon Batteries (Leclanch´ e Cells) 919
27.5.2 Alkaline Batteries 920
27.5.3 Lead–Acid Batteries 921
27.5.4 Nickel–Cadmium Batteries 922
27.5.5 Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries 923
27.5.6 Lithium Primary Batteries 924
27.5.7 Lithium–Manganese Dioxide (Li–MnO 2 ) 924
27.5.8 Lithium–Carbon Monofluoride (Li–(CF) x ) 925
27.5.9 Lithium–Thionyl Chloride (Li–SOCl 2 ) 925
27.5.10 Lithium–Sulfur Dioxide (Li–SO 2 ) 926
27.5.11 Lithium Secondary Batteries 927
27.5.12 Lithium Metal Secondary Batteries 928
27.5.13 Lithium-Ion Batteries 929
27.5.14 Separators in Lithium-Ion Batteries 932
27.5.15 Electrolytes in Lithium-Ion Batteries 933
27.5.16 Lithium Polymer Batteries 934
27.5.17 Summary 935
Acknowledgments 935
References 936

28 Cathode Manufacturing for Lithium-Ion Batteries 939
Jianlin Li, Claus Daniel, and David L. Wood III
28.1 Introduction 939
28.2 Electrode Manufacturing 940
28.2.1 Slurry Processing 940
28.2.1.1 Casting 941
28.2.1.1.1 Tape Casting 941
28.2.1.1.2 Slot-Die Coating 942
28.2.1.2 Printing 943
28.2.1.2.1 Screen Printing 944
28.2.1.2.2 Ink-jet Printing 944
28.2.1.3 Spin Coating 945