Page 22 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents XXI

21.4.1 The Ceramic Electrolyte β -Alumina 735

21.4.1.1 Doping of β -Al 2 O 3 735

21.4.1.2 Manufacture of β -Alumina Electrolyte Tubes 736
21.4.1.3 Properties of β -Alumina Tubes 740

21.4.1.4 Stability of β-Alumina and β -Alumina 742
21.4.2 The Second Electrolyte NaAlCl 4 and the NaCl–AlCl 3 System 742
21.4.2.1 Phase Diagram 742
21.4.2.2 Vapor Pressure 743
21.4.2.3 Density 744
21.4.2.4 Viscosity 744
21.4.2.5 Dissociation 745
21.4.2.6 Ionic Conductivity 746
21.4.2.7 Solubility of Nickel Chloride in Sodium Aluminum Chloride 746
21.4.3 Nickel Chloride NiCl 2 and the NiCl 2 –NaCl System 748
21.4.3.1 Relevant Properties of NiCl 2 748
21.4.3.2 NiCl 2 –NaCl System 748
21.4.4 Materials for Thermal Insulation 749
21.4.4.1 Multifoil Insulation 750
21.4.4.2 Glass Fiber Boards 750
21.4.4.3 Microporous Insulation 751
21.4.4.4 Comparison of Thermal Insulation Materials 751
21.4.5 Data for Cell Materials 754
21.4.5.1 Nickel 754
21.4.5.2 Liquid Sodium 754
21.4.5.3 NaCl 754
21.4.5.4 Sulfur and Sodium Polysulfides 754
References 755
Further Reading 756

Part IV New Emerging Technologies 757
22 Metal–Air Batteries 759
Ji-Guang Zhang, Peter G. Bruce, and X. Gregory Zhang
22.1 General Characteristics 759
22.1.1 The Pros 760
22.1.1.1 High Specific Capacity and Energy 760
22.1.1.2 Low-Cost Cathode 763
22.1.2 The Cons 763
22.1.2.1 Power Limitations 763
22.1.2.2 Electrolyte Evaporation and Flooding 763
22.1.2.3 Side Reactions 763
22.1.2.4 Solid Discharge Products 764
22.2 Air Electrode 764
22.2.1 Catalyst 765
22.2.2 Carbon Sources 766