Page 20 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents XIX

18.2.2 The Fundamentals of a Polymer Electrolyte 630
18.2.3 Conductivity, Structure, and Morphology 632
18.2.4 Second-Generation Polymer Electrolytes 632
18.2.5 Structure and Ionic Motion 635
18.2.6 Mechanisms of Ionic Motion 637
18.2.7 An Analysis of Ionic Species 639
18.2.8 Cation-Transport Properties 639
18.3 Hybrid Electrolytes 643
18.3.1 Gel Electrolytes 644
18.3.2 Batteries 647
18.3.3 Enhancing Cation Mobility 649
18.3.4 Mixed-Phase Electrolytes 650
18.4 Looking to the Future 652
References 652
Further Reading 656

19 Solid Electrolytes 657
Peter Birke and Werner Weppner
19.1 Introduction 657
19.2 Fundamental Aspects of Solid Electrolytes 658
19.2.1 Structural Defects 658
19.2.2 Migration and Diffusion of Charge Carriers in Solids 666
19.3 Applicable Solid Electrolytes for Batteries 668
19.3.1 General Aspects 668
19.3.2 Lithium-, Sodium-, and Potassium-Ion Conductors 669
19.3.3 Capacity and Energy Density Aspects 671
19.4 Design Aspects of Solid Electrolytes 674
19.5 Preparation of Solid Electrolytes 676
19.5.1 Monolithic Samples 676
19.5.1.1 Solid-State Reactions 676
19.5.1.2 The Pechini Method 677
19.5.1.3 Wet Chemical Methods 677
19.5.1.4 Combustion Synthesis and Explosion Methods 678
19.5.1.5 Composites 678
19.5.1.6 Sintering Processes 679
19.5.2 Thick-Film Solid Electrolytes 679
19.5.2.1 Screen Printing 679
19.5.2.2 Tape Casting 679
19.5.3 Thin-Film Solid Electrolytes 680
19.5.3.1 Sputtering 680
19.5.3.2 Evaporation 680
19.5.3.3 Spin-On Coating and Spray Pyrolysis 681
19.6 Experimental Techniques for the Determination of the Properties of
Solid Electrolytes 681
19.6.1 Partial Ionic Conductivity 681