Page 16 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents XV

13.6 The Amount of Dead Lithium and Cell Performance 385
13.7 Improvement in the Cycling Efficiency of a Lithium
Anode 385
13.7.1 Electrolytes 386
13.7.2 Electrolyte Additives 387
13.7.2.1 Stable Additives Limiting Chemical Reaction between the Electrolyte
and Lithium 387
13.7.2.2 Additives Modifying the State of Solvation of Lithium
Ions 389
13.7.2.3 Reactive Additives Used to Make a Better Protective Film 391
13.7.3 Stack Pressure on Electrodes 396
13.7.4 Composite Lithium Anode 396
13.7.5 Influence of Cathode on Lithium Surface Film 397
13.7.6 An Alternative to the Lithium-Metal Anode (Lithium-Ion Inserted
Anodes) 397
13.8 Safety of Rechargeable Lithium Metal Cells 398
13.8.1 Considerations Regarding Cell Safety 399
13.8.2 Safety Test Results 400
13.8.2.1 External Short 400
13.8.2.2 Overcharge 400
13.8.2.3 Nail Penetration 400
13.8.2.4 Crush 400
13.8.2.5 Heating 400
13.9 Conclusion 400
References 401
Further Reading 404
14 Lithium Alloy Anodes 405
Robert A. Huggins
14.1 Introduction 405
14.2 Problems with the Rechargeability of Elemental Electrodes 406
14.3 Lithium Alloys as an Alternative 407
14.4 Alloys Formed In situ from Convertible Oxides 409
14.5 Thermodynamic Basis for Electrode Potentials and Capacities under
Conditions in which Complete Equilibrium can be Assumed 409
14.6 Crystallographic Aspects and the Possibility of Selective
Equilibrium 412
14.7 Kinetic Aspects 413
14.8 Examples of Lithium Alloy Systems 414
14.8.1 Lithium–Aluminum System 414
14.8.2 Lithium–Silicon System 415
14.8.3 Lithium–Tin System 417
14.9 Lithium Alloys at Lower Temperatures 419
14.10 The Mixed-Conductor Matrix Concept 423
14.11 Solid Electrolyte Matrix Electrode Structures 427