Page 11 - Handbook of Battery Materials

X Contents

5.3.1.4 γ -NiOOH 158
5.3.1.5 Relevance of Model Compounds to Electrode Materials 158
5.3.2 Pyroaurite-Type Nickel Hydroxides 159
5.4 Electrochemical Reactions 161
5.4.1 Overall Reaction and Thermodynamics of the Ni(OH) 2 /NiOOH
Couple 161
5.4.2 Nature of the Ni(OH) 2 /NiOOH Reaction 162
5.4.3 Nickel Oxidation State 164
5.4.4 Oxygen Evolution 164
5.4.5 Hydrogen Oxidation 164
References 165

6 Lead Oxides 169
Dietrich Berndt
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Lead/Oxygen Compounds 170
6.2.1 Lead Oxide (PbO) 170
6.2.2 Minium (Pb 3 O 4 ) 171
6.2.3 Lead Dioxide (PbO 2 ) 171
6.2.4 Nonstoichiometric PbO x Phases 172
6.2.5 Basic Sulfates 172
6.2.6 Physical and Chemical Properties 172
6.3 The Thermodynamic Situation 173
6.3.1 Water Decomposition 174
6.3.2 Oxidation of Lead 175
6.3.3 The Thermodynamic Situation in Lead–Acid Batteries 177
6.3.4 Thermodynamic Data 180
6.4 PbO 2 as Active Material in Lead–Acid Batteries 181
6.4.1 Plant´ e Plates 182
6.4.2 Pasted Plates 184
6.4.2.1 Manufacture of the Active Material 184
6.4.2.2 Tank Formation 187
6.4.2.3 Container Formation 187
6.4.3 Tubular Plates 187
6.5 Passivation of Lead by Its Oxides 189
6.5.1 Disintegration of the Oxide Layer at Open-Circuit Voltage 191
6.5.2 Charge Preservation in Negative Electrodes by a PbO Layer 192
6.6 Ageing Effects 192
6.6.1 The Influence of Antimony, Tin, and Phosphoric Acid 193
References 194
Further Reading 196

7 Bromine-Storage Materials 197
Christoph Fabjan and Josef Drobits
7.1 Introduction 197