Page 9 - Handbook of Battery Materials

VIII Contents

2 Practical Batteries 27
Koji Nishio and Nobuhiro Furukawa
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Alkaline-Manganese Batteries 27
2.3 Nickel–Cadmium Batteries 30
2.4 Nickel–MH Batteries 36
2.5 Lithium Primary Batteries 43
2.5.1 Lithium–Manganese Dioxide Batteries 43
2.5.2 Lithium–Carbon Monofluoride Batteries 52
2.5.3 Lithium–Thionyl Chloride Batteries 54
2.6 Coin-Type Lithium Secondary Batteries 55
2.6.1 Secondary Lithium–Manganese Dioxide Batteries 55
2.6.2 Lithium–Vanadium Oxide Secondary Batteries 60
2.6.3 Lithium–Polyaniline Batteries 62
2.6.4 Secondary Lithium–Carbon Batteries 62
2.6.5 Secondary Li-LGH–Vanadium Oxide Batteries 63
2.6.6 Secondary Lithium–Polyacene Batteries 64
2.6.7 Secondary Niobium Oxide–Vanadium Oxide Batteries 64
2.6.8 Secondary Titanium Oxide–Manganese Oxide Batteries 65
2.7 Lithium-Ion Batteries 66
2.7.1 Positive Electrode Materials 66
2.7.2 Negative Electrode Materials 70
2.7.3 Battery Performances 75
2.8 Secondary Lithium Batteries with Metal Anodes 78
References 80
Further Reading 84
Part II Materials for Aqueous Electrolyte Batteries 87

3 Structural Chemistry of Manganese Dioxide and Related
Compounds 89
J¨org H. Albering
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Tunnel Structures 90
3.2.1 β-MnO 2 90
3.2.2 Ramsdellite 91
3.2.3 γ -MnO 2 and ε-MnO 2 93
3.2.4 α-MnO 2 100
3.2.5 Roman` echite, Todorokite, and Related Compounds 102
3.3 Layer Structures 104
3.3.1 Mn 5 O 8 and Similar Compounds 105
3.3.2 Lithiophorite 106
3.3.3 Chalcophanite 108
3.3.4 δ-MnO 2 Materials 109
3.3.5 10 ˚ A Phyllomanganates of the Buserite Type 114