Page 10 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents IX

3.4 Reduced Manganese Oxides 116
3.4.1 Compounds of Composition MnOOH 116
3.4.1.1 Manganite (γ -MnOOH) 116
3.4.1.2 Groutite (α-MnOOH) 116
3.4.1.3 δ-MnOOH 118
3.4.1.4 Feitknechtite β-MnOOH 118
3.4.2 Spinel-Type Compounds Mn 3 O 4 and γ -Mn 2 O 3 119
3.4.3 Pyrochroite, Mn(OH) 2 119
3.5 Conclusion 120
References 120
Further Reading 122

4 Electrochemistry of Manganese Oxides 125
Akiya Kozawa, Kohei Yamamoto, and Masaki Yoshio
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Electrochemical Properties of EMD 126
4.2.1 Discharge Curves and Electrochemical Reactions 126
4.2.2 Modification of Discharge Behavior of EMD with Bi(OH) 3 128
4.2.3 Factors which Influence MnO 2 Potential 129
4.2.3.1 Surface Condition of MnO 2 129
4.2.3.2 Standard Potential of MnO 2 in 1 mol L −1 KOH 131
4.2.4 Three Types of Polarization for MnO 2 131
4.2.5 Discharge Tests for Battery Materials 134
4.3 Physical Properties and Chemical Composition of EMD 137
4.3.1 Cross-Section of the Pores 137
4.3.2 Closed Pores 139
4.3.3 Effective Volume Measurement 140
4.4 Conversion of EMD to LiMnO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 for Rechargeable Li
Batteries 140
4.4.1 Melt-Impregnation (M–I) Method for EMD 142
4.4.2 Preparation of Li 0.3 MnO 2 from EMD 143
4.4.3 Preparation of LiMn 2 O 4 from EMD 145
4.5 Discharge Curves of EMD Alkaline Cells (AA and AAA Cells) 147
References 147
Further Reading 148

5 Nickel Hydroxides 149
James McBreen
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 Nickel Hydroxide Battery Electrodes 150
5.3 Solid-State Chemistry of Nickel Hydroxides 151
5.3.1 Hydrous Nickel Oxides 151
5.3.1.1 β-Ni(OH) 2 151
5.3.1.2 α-Ni(OH) 2 154
5.3.1.3 β-NiOOH 157