Page 12 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents XI

7.2 Possibilities for Bromine Storage 199
7.2.1 General Aspects 199
7.2.2 Quaternary Ammonium-Polybromide Complexes 200
7.3 Physical Properties of the Bromine Storage Phase 204
7.3.1 Conductivity 204
7.3.2 Viscosity and Specific Weight 207
7.3.3 Diffusion Coefficients 208
7.3.4 State of Aggregation 209
7.4 Analytical Study of a Battery Charge Cycle 210
7.5 Safety, Physiological Aspects, and Recycling 212
7.5.1 Safety 212
7.5.2 Physiological Aspects 214
7.5.3 Recycling 214
References 214

8 Metallic Negatives 219
Leo Binder
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Overview 219
8.3 Battery Anodes (‘Negatives’) 220
8.3.1 Aluminum (Al) 220
8.3.2 Cadmium (Cd) 221
8.3.3 Iron (Fe) 222
8.3.4 Lead (Pb) 223
8.3.5 Lithium (Li) 224
8.3.6 Magnesium (Mg) 224
8.3.7 Zinc (Zn) 225
8.3.7.1 Zinc Electrodes for ‘Acidic’ (Neutral) Primaries 226
8.3.7.2 Zinc Electrodes for Alkaline Primaries 226
8.3.7.3 Zinc Electrodes for Alkaline Storage Batteries 229
8.3.7.4 Zinc Electrodes for Alkaline ‘Low-Cost’ Reusables 230
8.3.7.5 Zinc Electrodes for Zinc-Flow Batteries 232
8.3.7.6 Zinc Electrodes for Printed Thin-Layer Batteries 233
References 234
9 Metal Hydride Electrodes 239
James J. Reilly
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 Theory and Basic Principles 239
9.2.1 Thermodynamics 240
9.2.2 Electronic Properties 242
9.2.3 Reaction Rules and Predictive Theories 243
9.3 Metal Hydride–Nickel Batteries 244
9.3.1 Alloy Activation 245
9.3.2 AB 5 Electrodes 246