Page 17 - Handbook of Battery Materials

XVI Contents

14.12 What about the Future? 429
References 429
Further Reading 431

15 Lithiated Carbons 433
Martin Winter and J¨urgen Otto Besenhard
15.1 Introduction 433
15.1.1 Why Lithiated Carbons? 436
15.1.2 Electrochemical Formation of Lithiated Carbons 437
15.2 Graphitic and Nongraphitic Carbons 437
15.2.1 Carbons: Classification, Synthesis, and Structures 438
15.2.2 Lithiated Graphitic Carbons (Li x C n ) 441
15.2.2.1 In-Plane Structures 441
15.2.2.2 Stage Formation 442
15.2.2.3 Reversible and Irreversible Specific Charge 444
15.2.3 Li x C 6 vs Li x (solv) y C n 447
15.2.4 Lithiated Nongraphitic Carbons 452
15.2.5 Lithiated Carbons Containing Heteroatoms 461
15.2.6 Lithiated Fullerenes 462
15.3 Lithiated Carbons vs Competing Anode Materials 462
15.4 Summary 466
Acknowledgments 466
References 466
Further Reading 478

16 The Anode/Electrolyte Interface 479
Emanuel Peled, Diane Golodnitsky, and Jack Penciner
16.1 Introduction 479
16.2 SEI Formation, Chemical Composition, and Morphology 480
16.2.1 SEI Formation Processes 480
16.2.2 Chemical Composition and Morphology of the SEI 483
16.2.2.1 Ether-Based Liquid Electrolytes 483
16.2.2.1.1 Fresh Lithium Surface 483
16.2.2.1.2 Lithium Covered by Native Film 484
16.2.2.2 Carbonate-Based Liquid Electrolyte 485
16.2.2.2.1 Fresh Lithium Surface 485
16.2.2.2.2 Lithium Covered by Native Film 485
16.2.2.3 Polymer (PE), Composite Polymer (CPE), and Gelled Electrolytes 486
16.2.3 Reactivity of e − with Electrolyte Components – a Tool for the
sol
Selection of Electrolyte Materials 487
16.3 SEI Formation on Carbonaceous Electrodes 490
16.3.1 Surface Structure and Chemistry of Carbon and Graphite 490
16.3.2 The First Intercalation Step in Carbonaceous Anodes 493
16.3.3 Parameters Affecting Q IR 499