Page 18 - Handbook of Battery Materials

Contents XVII

16.3.4 Graphite Modification by Mild Oxidation and Chemically Bonded (CB)
SEI 500
16.3.5 Chemical Composition and Morphology of the SEI 503
16.3.5.1 Carbons and Graphites 503
16.3.5.2 HOPG 505
16.3.6 SEI Formation on Alloys 508
16.4 Models for SEI Electrodes 508
16.4.1 Liquid Electrolytes 508
16.4.2 Polymer Electrolytes 511
16.4.3 Effect of Electrolyte Composition on SEI Properties 513
16.4.3.1 Lithium Electrode 513
16.4.3.2 Li x C 6 Electrode 517
16.5 Summary and Conclusions 518
References 519
Further Reading 523

17 Liquid Nonaqueous Electrolytes 525
Heiner Jakob Gores, Josef Barthel, Sandra Zugmann,
Dominik Moosbauer, Marius Amereller, Robert Hartl,
and Alexander Maurer
17.1 Introduction 525
17.2 Components of the Liquid Electrolyte 526
17.2.1 The Solvents 526
17.2.2 The Salts 530
17.2.2.1 Lithium Perchlorate 530
17.2.2.2 Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate 531
17.2.2.3 Lithium Hexafluorophosphate 531
17.2.2.4 Lithium Tetrafluoroborate 532
17.2.2.5 Lithium Fluoroalkylphosphates 532
17.2.2.6 Lithium Bis(oxalato)borate 532
17.2.2.7 Lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate and Lithium
bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide 533
17.2.3 Ionic Liquids 537
17.2.3.1 Physical Chemical Properties 538
17.2.3.1.1 Viscosity 538
17.2.3.1.2 Conductivity 538
17.2.3.1.3 Diffusion Coefficient 539
17.2.3.1.4 Electrochemical Stability 539
17.2.3.1.5 Thermal Stability 539
17.2.3.2 Crystallization and Melting Points 539
17.2.3.3 Applications of ILs in Lithium-Ion Batteries 539
17.2.4 Purification of Electrolytes 548
17.2.5 Hydrolysis of Salts 549
17.3 Intrinsic Properties 550
17.3.1 Chemical Models of Electrolytes 551