Page 13 - Handbook of Battery Materials

XII Contents

9.3.2.1 Chemical Properties of AB 5 Hydrides 246
9.3.2.2 Preparation of AB 5 Electrodes 249
9.3.2.3 Effect of Temperature 250
9.3.3 Electrode Corrosion and Storage Capacity 250
9.3.4 Corrosion and Composition 251
9.3.4.1 Effect of Cerium 254
9.3.4.2 Effect of Cobalt 257
9.3.4.3 Effect of Aluminum 257
9.3.4.4 Effect of Manganese 258
9.4 Super-Stoichiometric AB 5+x Alloys 259
9.5 AB 2 Hydride Electrodes 261
9.6 XAS Studies of Alloy Electrode Materials 264
9.7 Summary 265
Acknowledgment 266
References 266
Further Reading 268

10 Carbons 269
Kimio Kinoshita
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials 269
10.2.1 Physical Properties 269
10.2.2 Chemical Properties 273
10.3 Electrochemical Behavior 274
10.3.1 Potential 274
10.3.2 Conductive Matrix 275
10.3.3 Electrochemical Properties 277
10.3.4 Electrochemical Oxidation 277
10.3.5 Electrocatalysis 278
10.3.6 Intercalation 282
10.4 Concluding Remarks 283
References 283

11 Separators 285
Werner B¨ohnstedt
11.1 General Principles 285
11.1.1 Basic Functions of the Separators 285
11.1.2 Characterizing Properties 286
11.1.2.1 Backweb, Ribs, and Overall Thickness 286
11.1.2.2 Porosity, Pore Size, and Pore Shape 287
11.1.2.3 Electrical Resistance 289
11.1.3 Battery and Battery Separator Markets 291
11.2 Separators for Lead–Acid Storage Batteries 293
11.2.1 Development History 293
11.2.1.1 Historical Beginnings 293