Page 60 - Handbook of Battery Materials

26 1 Thermodynamics and Mechanistics

• short-circuiting
• charging primary batteries
• charging or discharging at too high or too low temperatures.
To ensure that the right operating conditions are used every time, a type of
electronic control, the so-called battery management system, can be used. This is
especially important for the lithium-ion battery, where a too low end of discharge
voltage, a too high end of charge voltage, or a too high charge or discharge rate not
only can affect the lifetime and the cycle life but also can amount to abuse of the
equipment resulting in possible rupture or explosion of the cell.

1.4.10
Costs per Stored Watt Hour

The cost per watt hour delivered from a primary battery is the ratio between the
price of the battery and its capacity. For a secondary battery the cost of the battery
installation has to be taken into consideration as well as the ratio of the charging
cost to the delivered energy.

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