Page 410 - Handbook of Biomechatronics

CHAPTER ELEVEN

The Artificial Pancreas

Graham Brooker
Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Contents

1 Introduction 405
2 Historical Background 406
3 Blood Sugar Monitoring 409
3.1 Automatic Glucose Concentration Measurement Using Colorimetric Strips and
Optical Reflectance Meters 410
3.2 Biosensor-Based Glucose Monitoring 413
3.3 Glucose Meter Hardware 416
3.4 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems 422
3.5 Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring 425
3.6 The Future of Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring 429
4 Insulin Dispensing 431
4.1 Insulin Pumps—Historical Perspective 431
4.2 Modern Insulin Pumps 433
4.3 Implantable Insulin Pumps 439
5 The Artificial Pancreas 442
5.1 Modeling 444
5.2 Closed-Loop Control 446
5.3 The Future of Automated Insulin Delivery 451
References 454
Further Reading 456

1 INTRODUCTION

Before embarking on a review of the history and the technology that
has led to the advent of an artificial pancreas (AP), it is important to under-
stand the natural processes involved in glucose balance, and how it goes
wrong in people suffering from diabetes.
Glucose is mainly produced by the liver after which it is distributed and
utilized in both insulin-independent (e.g., central nervous system and red
blood cells) and insulin-dependent (muscle and adipose) tissues. Insulin is
secreted by pancreatic beta-cells and enters the blood stream after liver

Handbook of Biomechatronics © 2019 Elsevier Inc. 405
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812539-7.00015-5 All rights reserved.