Page 174 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

SWITCHGEAR AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTRES 157

Fuse manufacturers will usually offer advice on the most appropriate fuses to be used in a
particular installation.

7.5 SAFETY INTERLOCKING DEVICES

Most switchboards and motor control centres are fitted with a variety of electrical and mechanical
safety interlocking devices. Their purposes are to protect against for example:-

• Withdrawing the switching device while it is carrying load or fault current.
• Prevent the switching mechanism from being inserted when it is in its ‘on’ state.
• Opening of access doors or panels before setting the switching device in its ‘off’ state.
• Gaining physical access by human operators while the main conductors and contacts are energised.
• Gaining access to the busbars when the switching devices have been withdrawn.
• To prevent earthing switches from being closed on to live circuits or busbars.
• Incorrect electrical operation of a complex process system in which various external devices,
motors, pumps, etc. are intimately related. For example a lubrication oil pump must be running
before the main drive motor is started on a pump or compressor.

Most of the above interlocks are mechanical latches, bolts and shutters. The last category
is electrical functions using wired relays or electronic logic. Electrical interlocking is also used to
ensure that certain closing and tripping functions take place in a particular sequence. The following
examples are typical interlocking sequences:-
• Energising a downstream switchboard through a transformer or plain interconnector. The upstream
switching device is closed first. The downstream device is then closed. If either trips on fault then
the other may be caused to trip by auxiliary circuits and relays.
• ‘Two-out-of-three paralleling’ is a term used when a switchboard has two parallel feeders. It is
the term given to a particular closing scheme applied to the two incoming and the busbar section
circuit breaker. The feeders are usually transformers. The purpose of the scheme is to enable a
no-break transfer of the feeders to take place, and to minimise the duration of a prospectively high
fault level that may exist during the transfer. Auxiliary switches are fitted within the three circuit
breakers to determine when all three are closed. As soon as the third circuit breaker is closed the
fault level at the busbars will in most cases be too high, and a signal is then given to one of the
circuit breakers to trip. A selector switch is sometimes used to choose which of the three will
trip. Some installations use a timer relay to delay the automatic tripping action, and the time delay
setting is typically 0.5 to 2.0 seconds. This scheme is not used for all dual feeder switchboards,
but is common practice with low voltage switchboards.
• Where a situation can arise that two supplies could be switched in parallel, then it is necessary
to check that they are in synchronism and come from the same source, e.g. either side of an
upstream switchboard. Checking can be arranged in one of two methods, or a combination of both
methods. The first method uses auxiliary switches on the upstream circuit breakers, usually the
busbar section circuit breakers. These auxiliary switches give a signal that its circuit breaker is
open, thereby signalling that an unsynchronised supply will exist at the downstream location. The
signal is used to prevent the three downstream circuit breakers being closed all at the same time,
i.e. the ‘two-out-of-three paralleling’ scheme is inhibited from closing its third circuit breaker. The