Page 176 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

SWITCHGEAR AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTRES 159

• Starting a large motor.
• Occurrence and clearance of a fault.
• Malfunction of an automatic voltage regulator of a generator.
• Lightning surge from an overhead line.

In general motors are specified to be able to reaccelerate or restart their loads from a constant
voltage that is 80% of its nominal value, assuming that it does not recover during these operations.
This voltage should be that appearing at the terminals of the motor. For motors that are located
at the end of short cables, the volt-drop in the cables may be neglected. Volt-drop in long cables
may be high enough to aggravate the reacceleration or starting process, even to the extent that these
operations cannot be completed.
If high voltage motors and transformers are switched by contactors that derive their coil voltage
from the switchboard busbars, then the contactor coil may not hold in when the busbar voltage drops
below a particular value. It is better practice to derive the coil voltage from a reliable source such as an
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or a battery. Switchboards are often provided with undervoltage
(27) relays to trip predetermined loads when the busbar voltage falls below a certain limit for a preset
length of time. The loads may be tripped individually or in groups. If group tripping is used then the
motors in the group should be related to a particular process rather than being chosen by their kW
rating or some other criterion.
The scheduling of the restarting of individual motors or groups of motors should be progressive
so that a large surge of reactive power is avoided. Each oil company tends to have its own philosophy
for restarting and reaccelerating motors, and schemes can become complicated to understand. The
introduction of micro-computers has enabled almost any philosophy to be implemented.
If a severe disturbance occurs that causes the voltage to drop well below 80% then the duration
should be relatively short, e.g. 0.15 second, otherwise recovery may be difficult. If a complete loss
of voltage occurs then even progressive restarting in an automatic manner may prove difficult if the
loss exceeds about 3 seconds.

7.6.2 Micro-computer Based Systems

Modern switchgear is available with micro-computer based intelligence and network communication
facilities. These facilities enable much more information to be managed, manipulated and displayed
than was possible in the past, when only analog devices were available. Modern practice for most
major projects is to ensure that the network communication precisely matches that of other facilities
within the plant. System control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and distributed control sys-
tems (DCS) were developed in the industrial process control industries long before micro-computers
became available for switchgear. In recent years there has been some convergence of approach
between the more traditional SCADA and DCS network languages and protocols and those of the
electrical power industries. Consequently it is now much easier to specify fully compatible process
and electrical network systems.
Within switchgear the approach to control, indication and protection has changed. These func-
tions are no longer separate entities. They are combined into micro-computer based electronic relay
modules. A module is used for each incoming, busbar section and outgoing unit, that is capable of
measuring currents, voltages, status of switching devices, interfacing with external interlocks. They