Page 180 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

SWITCHGEAR AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTRES 163

to about 300 A to 400 A of line current. Such currents can be easily handled by a fuse-contactor
combination or a moulded case circuit breaker. The lowest three-phase ratings are about 16 A. His-
torically systems that were designed on UK practice tended to favour fuse-contactor technology,
whereas those based on European and American practices favoured a combination of a moulded
case circuit breaker and a contactor. Both technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages.
Reference 7 compares fuses and moulded case circuit breakers, as well as miniature circuit breakers
for final sub-circuit applications. Fuses are simple, fast acting, economical and almost completely
free of maintenance. They tend to enable smaller conductor sizes of cables to be used. On the other
hand circuit breakers can be immediately reset after a fault has been investigated and removed, they
require less spare units to be stored in a storeroom. Some types of moulded case circuit breakers
have adjustable characteristics and one frame size can house many different ratings. Historically
moulded case circuit breakers were placed downstream of current limiting fuses because they could
not withstand high prospective fault currents that began to develop in power systems. Nowadays this
problem seldom exists because of the advances made in the technology.

7.7.2 Operating Characteristics

Moulded case circuit breakers are available in two basic modes of operation, current limiting and non-
current limiting. It is difficult to design a moulded case circuit breaker to have a cut-off characteristic
that is less than 0.01 second when a fully asymmetrical short-circuit current flows. However, there
are such circuit breakers available, and care is needed when selecting these devices for a circuit that
has a high prospective fault current. Some manufacturers are able to provide a cut-off in the order
of 0.006 second.
The protection characteristic of moulded case circuit breakers is divided into two main parts,
a long time (<t) part and a short time ( t) part. The long time part provides overload protection
and is created by a thermal bi-metal strip mechanism and a mechanical latch. This part functions
when the current is in the range of 105% and 1000% of the rated current. In some designs, and
those with ratings above about 250 A, the upper limit is adjustable between 500% and 1000%. These
adjustments are made to the second part of the protection characteristic. This part ( t) is created by
a magnetic repulsion mechanism or an electromagnet that is very fast acting once the fault current
exceeds the set value. The fast action does, however, have a limit to the time that is taken, and is
usually in the range of 0.003 second and 0.01 second. The lower value occurs at very high currents,
e.g. 200 times the rated current.

Moulded case circuit breakers are also available for incoming and busbar section purposes,
with ratings up to 6000 A and service voltages between 220 V and 660 V. (At 415 V a 4000 A circuit
breaker would satisfy the duty of a 2500 kVA feeder transformer with about 15% spare capacity.)
These are also available as 4-pole units. Circuit breakers having ratings of 800 A and above are often
provided with several adjustments that widely modify the shape of the complete protection curve,
as described in Chapter 12. This enables the curve to coordinate with almost any other protective
device or equipment that is immediately upstream or downstream of the circuit breaker. Some circuit
breakers with the higher rated currents are also provided with integral earth fault protection facilities.
Various external attachments can be fitted to moulded case circuit breakers, e.g. pad-locking
tabs, shunt trip coils, hazardous area enclosure with an ‘on’ and ‘off’ operating handle, withdrawable
rack mountings, undervoltage tripping units, auxiliary switches of the normally open and normally
closed types, interlocking devices, ambient temperature compensation for the protection curves. Some