Page 444 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

HARMONIC VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS 433

can be taken into account reasonably easily. For example the specifications that are prepared for
equipment connected to the ‘distorted’ network can include a full description of the harmonics that
will be present. In most cases the manufacturer will be able to include some form of local filtering
or add some extra capacity to the equipment offered e.g. larger motor rating so that the extra heat
can be accommodated.

Droop governed generators will give a system frequency that varies with the power loading on
their network. Some generating plants do not have the generator set-points available for manual or
automatic adjustment. Consider a 50 Hz system with 4% droop governing at no-load the frequency
may be preset to 51 Hz for each generator. As the loading is increased the frequency will fall to
49 Hz when all the connected generators are fully loaded. If there is another generator available and
it is then switched into the system it will take its share of the common load and the frequency will
settle at some value above 49 Hz. It can be seen that in this situation a variation of 1 Hz is very
likely to be experienced.
If a sharply tuned filter system is used wherein the ‘Q-factor’ in each series resonant branch
is high e.g. 30 or more, then a variation of n × 1 Hz either side of the tuned frequency f n may be
unacceptable.

In practice the filter elements could be tapped with small increments but this would be expen-
sive if some form of automatic control of the tappings were to be used. A more practical solution
would be to control the governor set-points at the generator in a simultaneous manner, by using
a form of integral control to maintain the system frequency within a narrower band. Reducing the
droop settings would not achieve the desired result.

15.6 PROTECTION, ALARMS AND INDICATION

A high-voltage variable speed motor will usually drive an important pump or compressor which must
remain in a serviceable condition, and not be subject to lengthy shut downs due to poor performance
or serious failure of its major components. Modern systems will usually contain a micro-computer
to process alarms, to give visual information, to communicate to external facilities and to safely shut
down the system in the event of a serious or progressive fault being detected.
Table 15.8 lists the typical protection, alarms and indications that would be provided in
the system.

REFERENCES

1. Albert Kloss, A basic guide to power elements. John Wiley & Sons (1984). ISBN 0 471-90432-5
2. W. Shepherd and L. N. Hully, Power electronics and motor control. Cambridge University Press (1987).
ISBN 0 521-31283-3
3. I. K. Dortort, Extended regulation curves for six-phase double-way and double wye rectifiers. AIEE Trans-
actions, Vol. 72, May 1953, pages 192 to 202.
4. E. F. Christensen, C. H. Wills and C. C. Herskind, Analysis of rectifier circuits. AIEE Transactions, Vol. 63,
May 1944, pages 1048 to 1058.
5. Operating data for power rectifiers. Paper in 3 parts by R. Wells. Part 1. Electrical Times (UK) 18 April
1968, pages 623 to 628. Part 2. Electrical Times (UK) 25 April 1968, pages 670 to 673. Part 3. Electrical
Times (UK) 30 May 1968, pages 901 to 904.