Page 59 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

38 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

power versus ambient temperature characteristic. Therefore care must be exercised to be sure exactly
which data are to be given and used.)
The following derating factors should be used in the estimation of the continuous site rating
for the complete machine:

◦
• ISO to a higher site ambient temperature, typically 0.5 to 0.8% per C.
• Altitude, usually not necessary for most oil industry plants since they are near sea level.
• Dirty engine losses and the ageing of the gas turbine, assume 5%.
• Fuel composition and heating value losses, discuss with the manufacturer.
• Silencer, filter and ducting losses, assume 2 to 5%.
• Gearbox loss, typically 1 to 2%.
• Generator electromechanical inefficiency, typically 2 to 4%.
• Auxiliary loads connected to the generator, typically 1 to 5%.

2.3.2.1 Dirty engine losses
Consideration should be given to the fact that engines become contaminated with the combustion
deposits, the lubrication oil becomes less efficient, blades erode and lose their thermodynamic efficiency
and air filters become less efficient due to the presence of filtered particles. These effects combine to
reduce the output of the machine. A rule-of-thumb figure for derating a gas turbine for dirty engine
operation is 5%. This depends upon the type of fuel, the type of engine, the environment and how
long the engine operates between clean-up maintenance periods. Individual manufacturers can advise
suitable data for their engines operating in particular conditions. Dirty engine conditions should be
considered, otherwise embarrassment will follow later once the machine is in regular service.

2.3.2.2 Fuel composition and heating value losses

The chemical composition and quality of the fuel will to some extent influence the power output.
However, it is usually the case that more or less fuel has to be supplied by the fuel control valve for a
given throughput of combustion air. Hence it is usually possible to obtain the declared normal rating
from the machine, but attention has to be given to the supply of the fuel. In extreme cases the profile of
the fuel control valve may require modification so that adequate feedback control is maintained over
the full range of power output. The appropriate derating factor is usually 100%, i.e. no derating.

2.3.2.3 Silencer, filter and ducting losses

The amount of silencing and filtering of the inlet combustion air depends upon the site environment
and the operational considerations.
Site environmental conditions may be particularly bad, e.g. deserts where sand storms are
frequent; offshore where rain storms are frequent and long lasting. The more filtering that is required,
the more will be the pressure lost across the filters, both during clean and dirty operation. This
pressure drop causes a loss of power output from the machine.
The amount of inlet and exhaust noise silencing will depend upon, the location of machine
with respect to people in say offices or control rooms, how many machines will be in one group since