Page 57 - Handbook of Plastics Technologies

INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS AND PLASTICS 1.43

fill packaging, then no further processing steps are needed. If a part is to be made, the
beads are then fused in a heated mold to shape the part. Bead polystyrene foam is used in
thermal insulation applications, flotation devices, and insulated hot and cold drink cups.
Polyethylene foams are produced using chemical blowing agents and are typically
47
closed-cell foams. Cellular polyethylene offers advantages over solid polyethylene in
terms of reduced weight and lower dielectric constant. As a result, these materials find ap-
plication in electrical insulation markets. Polyethylene foams are also used in cushioning
applications to protect products during shipping and handling.

1.7 REFERENCES

1. F. W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
1971.
2. A.W. Birley, B. Haworth, and J. Batchelor, Physics of Plastics, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
1992.
3. M.L. Williams, R.F. Landel, and J.D. Ferry, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 3701 (1955).
4. P.C. Powell, Engineering with Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London, 1983.
5. A.W. Birley, B. Haworth, and J. Batchelor, Physics of Plastics, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
1992, pp. 283–284.
6. L.E. Nielsen and R.F. Landel, Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, Marcel Dek-
ker, New York, 1994, pp. 342–352.
7. A.W. Bosshard and H.P. Schlumpf, “Fillers and Reinforcements,” in Plastics Additives, 2nd ed.,
R. Gachter and H. Muller, Eds., Hanser Publishers, New York, 1987, p. 397.
8. Brydson, J.A., Plastics Materials, 6th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995, p. 122.
9. A.W. Bosshard and H.P. Schlumpf, “Fillers and Reinforcements,” in Plastics Additives, 2nd ed.
R. Gachter and H. Muller, Eds., Hanser Publishers, New York, 1987, p. 407.
10. A.W. Bosshard and H.P. Schlumpf, “Fillers and Reinforcements,” in Plastics Additives, 2nd ed.,
R. Gachter and H. Muller, Eds., Hanser Publishers, New York, 1987, p. 420.
11. Sperling, L. H., Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New
York (1992), 487.
12. W. Ostwald, Kolloid Z., 36, 99 (1925).
13. Morton-Jones, D. H., Polymer Processing, Chapman Hall, New York (1989), 35.
14. Rauwendaal, C., Polymer Extrusion, 2nd ed., Hanser Publishers, New York (1990), 190.
15. Carreau, P. J., De Kee, D. C. R., and Chhabra, R. P., Rheology of Polymeric Systems—Principles
and Applications, Hanser Publishers, New York (1997), 52.
16. Osswald, T.A., Polymer Processing Fundamentals, Hanser/Gardner Publications, New York,
1998, p. 67.
17. Brydson, J. A., Plastics Materials, 5th ed., London, England: Butterworths, 1989, p. 151.
18. C. Rauwendaal, Polymer Extrusion, 2nd ed., Hanser/Gardner Publications, Cincinnati, OH
(1990), p. 24.
19. Osswald, T.A., Polymer Processing Fundamentals, Hanser/Gardner Publications, New York,
1998, p. 70.
20. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Vol. 6, Mark, Bilkales, Overberger,
Menges, Kroschwitz, Eds., Wiley Interscience, 1986, p. 571.
21. White, J. L., “Simulation of Flow in Intermeshing Twin-Screw Extruders,” in I. Manas-Zloc-
zower and Z. Tadmor, Mixing and Compounding of Polymers, New York: Hanser Publishers,
1994, pp. 331–372.
22. Berins, M.L., Plastics Engineering Handbook of the Society of the Plastics Industry, 5th ed.,
Chapman and Hall, New York, 1991, p. 92.
23. Morton-Jones, D.H., Polymer Processing, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1989, pp. 107, 110, and
111.
24. Morton-Jones, D.H., Polymer Processing, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1989, p. 118.
25. G. Pötsch and W. Michaeli, Injection Molding, Hanser Publishers, Munich, Germany, 1995.

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