Page 148 - Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding

140 SYMBOLS

Permeability reduction factor h I Inherent viscosity of non-Newtonian
R k
Residual resistance factor fluid
R RF
Entropy Relative viscosity of non-Newtonian
S h r
Change in the entropy fluid
DS
Normalized residual oil saturation Specific viscosity of non-Newtonian
S h sp
o
Residual oil saturation fluid
S or
high Viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid at
Residual oil saturation at the high h 0
S or
trapping number very low shear rate
HS h N Viscosity of limiting value of non-
S Residual oil saturation at the high
or Newtonian fluid at very high shear rate
salinity threshold condition
low Contact angle
S Residual oil saturation at the low q
HS
or Contact angle at the high salinity
trapping number q
LS threshold condition
LS
S Residual oil saturation at the low
or Contact angle at the low salinity
salinity threshold condition q
Irreducible water saturation threshold condition
S wi
Saturation index q* Normalized contact angle between
SI
Absolute temperature high and low salinity threshold
T conditions
T r; H 2 O Reduced temperature of H 2 O
1
Internal energy k Debye length
U
Volume l Mobility
V
Colloidal interaction forces m Viscosity
W
Chemical potential of the species i
m i
Activity coefficient of species i
g i
Shear rate m o Standard chemical potential
_ g i
Dielectric constant of species i
ε r
ε 0 Relative permittivity in free space r Density
z(i-X) Equivalent fraction of the exchange- s Interfacial tension
j 0 Surface potential
Q
able species i
Non-Newtonian fluid’s viscosity (h) Disjoining pressure at the distance h
h
[h] Intrinsic viscosity of non-Newtonian between the oil and rock surfaces
fluid U Saturation state
In-situ viscosity of non-Newtonian
h in situ
fluid