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                   The geological timescale                                 Appendix           3

















                                                        Phanerozoic Eon
                                                       (544 Ma to Present)
                     The period of time between the end of the Precambrian Eon and today. The Phanerozoic Eon begins with the start of the Cambrian
                     Period, 544 Ma. The period encompasses the period of abundant, complex life on the Earth.



                     Era                       Period or System               Epoch or Series
                     Cenozoic (65 Ma to Present)  Quaternary (1.8 Ma to Present)  Holocene (8000 years to Present)
                                                                              Pleistocene (1.8 million to 8000 years)
                                               Tertiary (65–1.8 Ma)           Pliocene (5.3–1.8 Ma)
                                                                              Miocene (23.8–5.3 Ma)
                                                                              Oligocene (33.7–23.8 Ma)
                                                                              Eocene (55.5–33.7 Ma)
                                                                              Palaeocene (65–55.5 Ma)
                     Mesozoic (248–65 Ma)      Cretaceous (145–65 Ma)
                                               Jurassic (213–145 Ma)
                                               Triassic (248–213 Ma)
                     Palaeozoic (544–248 Ma)   Permian (286–248 Ma)
                                               Carboniferous  Pennsylvanian*
                                               (360–286 Ma)  (325–286 Ma)
                                                             Mississippian*
                                                             (360–325 Ma)
                                               Devonian (410–360 Ma)
                                               Silurian (440–410 Ma)
                                               Ordovician (505–440 Ma)
                                               Cambrian (544–505 Ma)


                                                        Precambrian Eon
                                                   (Beginning of the Earth to 544 Ma)
                     All geological time before the beginning of the Palaeozoic Era. This includes about 90% of all geological time and spans the time from
                     the beginning of the Earth, about 4500 Ma, to 544 Ma. The Precambrian Eon is usually divided into the Archaen (pre-2500 Ma) and
                     the Proterozoic (the remainder), both being commonly called eons.
                     Source: Topinka (2001) http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html
                     Ma, million years before present.
                     * North American usage.
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