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Physical hydrogeology 73

−3
3 −1
yields of up to 10 m s are typical). Tertiary basalts
up to 800 m thick occur in the Antrim and Lough
Neagh areas of Northern Ireland. The basalts have
some primary permeability in weathered zones but
the principal, secondary permeability is developed in
joints and fissures which provide sustainable bore-
−4
3 −1
−3
hole yields of only 10 to 10 m s .
2.15 FURTHER READING
Albu, M., Banks, D. & Nash, H. (1997) Mineral and Thermal
Groundwater Resources. Chapman & Hall, London.
Back, W., Rosenshein, J.S. & Seaber, P.R. (eds) (1988)
Fig. 2.34 Silurian shales at outcrop in the Rheidol Valley, west
Hydrogeology. The geology of North America, vol. O-2. The
Wales showing the grey mudstones. Secondary permeability is
Geological Society of North America, Boulder, Colorado.
developed in the weathered upper horizon from which shallow
Cripps, J.C., Bell, F.G. & Culshaw, M.G. (eds) (1986)
well supplies can be obtained as well as from occasional fracture
Groundwater in engineering geology. In: Proceedings of
openings (as seen at lower left) that intersect drilled boreholes.
the 21st Annual Conference of the Engineering Group of the
Geological Society. The Geological Society of London.
Domenico, P.A. & Schwartz, F.W. (1998) Physical and
Scotland and north-west Ireland offer little potential Chemical Hydrogeology, 2nd edn. John Wiley, New York.
for groundwater storage and flow other than in cracks Downing, R.A., Price, M. & Jones, G.P. (1993) The Hydro-
and joints that may be associated with tectonic fea- geology of the Chalk of north-west Europe. Clarendon Press,
tures or near-surface weathering. Available ground- Oxford.
3 −1
−3
water can support a yield up to 10 m s . Fetter, C.W. (2001) Applied Hydrogeology, 4th edn. Pearson
Higher Education, New Jersey.
Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A. (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-
Igneous rocks Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Robins, N.S. & Misstear, B.D.R. (2000) Groundwater in the
Groundwater flow in well-indurated igneous intrus-
Celtic Regions: studies in hard rock and quaternary hydrogeo-
ive and extrusive rocks occurs in shallow cracks and logy. Geological Society, London, Special Publications
joints opened by weathering. Yields of occasional 182.
springs are small except where tectonic influences Rushton, K.R. (2003) Groundwater Hydrology: conceptual and
have enhanced the secondary porosity (isolated computational models. John Wiley, Chichester.