Page 245 - Inside the Film Factory New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema

226 INSIDE THE FILM FACTORY
Preobrazhenskii, p. 90. On precedents for the portable cinemas, see: M.L. Sanders,
‘British Film Propaganda in Russia, 1916—1918’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio &
Television, vol. 3, no. 2 (1983), pp. 117—29; Taylor, p. 9. On the intensive utilisation of
the rail system, see: Campbell, pp. 150—1.
21 Nove, pp. 83—90.
22 Dobb, pp. 132—8.
23 Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, p. 23; Marchand and Weinstein, pp. 45—57;
S.Bratolyubov, Na zare sovetskoi kinematografii [At the Dawn of Soviet Cinema]
(Leningrad: 1976), p. 13.
24 A.M.Gak, ‘K istorii sozdaniya Sovkino’ [Towards a History of the Creation of
Sovkino], Iz istorii kino 5 (Moscow: 1962), p. 131; A.V.Ryazanova et al. (eds),
Lunacharskii o kino [Lunacharsky on Cinema] (Moscow: 1965), pp. 29—35;
Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, p. 23; Babitsky and Rimberg, pp. 270—1. The value
of the rouble fluctuated during the 1920s, but the exchange rate of gold-backed
currency averaged about two roubles to the US dollar.
25 Gak, pp. 134—5; Ryazanova, pp. 22—4, 28—35.
26 Nove, p. 89; E.H.Carr, A History of Soviet Russia (14 vols, London: 1954—78), vol. 5,
pp. 454—5.
27 Gak, pp. 134—5; Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, p. 30; Ryazanova, p. 264;
Smirnova, pp. 105—7, 169—70.
28 Y.A.L’vunin, ‘Organizatsiya Mezhdunarodnaya Rabochaya Pomoshch’ i sovetskoe
kino’ [The Workers’ International Relief Organisation and Soviet Cinema], Vestnik
Moskovskogo universiteta, 9th series, no. 4 (1971), pp. 21—6; Yu.A.L’vunin and
I.Polyanskii, ‘Blagodarya lichnomu sodeistviyu V.I.Lenina’ [Thanks to Lenin’s
Personal Assistance], Iskusstvo Kino (January 1978), pp. 7—8.
29 L’vunin and Polyanskii, pp. 6—8; L’vunin, pp. 27—33; W.Münzenberg, Solidarität: Zehn
Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe, 1921—1931 (Berlin: 1931), pp. 519—20.
30 L’vunin and Polyanskii, p. 8; Münzenberg, pp. 510—13.
31 Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, pp. 24—6, 30; Gak, p. 132; New York Times, 5
August 1932, sec. 2, p. 1..
32 Ryazanova, p. 262; Smirnova, p. 42; the Lenin quotation is translated in: FF, p. 57.
33 Nove, p. 89; Carr, vol. 5, pp. 441—4, and vol. 10, p. 708.
34 On the government’s foreign trade monopoly, see: A.Nove, The Soviet Economic
System (London: 1977), pp. 267—87; on the USSR’s general procedures for importing
foreign films, see: B.Kepley and V.Kepley, ‘Foreign Films on Soviet Screens, 1922—
1931’, Quarterly Review of Film Studies, vol. 4, no. 4 (1979), pp. 429—42.
35 Gak, p. 136; V.Golovskoi (ed.), Kino i zritel’ [Cinema and the Audience] (Moscow:
1968), p. 14. See above, ch. 3, n. 18.
36 Gak, pp. 133—8; Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, pp. 27—9.
37 Nove, Economic History, p. 103; Dobb, pp. 142—3.
38 Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, pp. 28—9; Gak, pp. 139—41.
39 The number of operating commercial theatres dropped to 20 per cent of the 1917
level in Ural-Siberia, for example, 20 per cent in Samarkand, 50 per cent in
Tashkent, and 40 per cent in Rostov: Gak, p. 136.
40 Gak, pp. 139—44.
41 ibid., pp. 141—4; Vladimirtseva and Sandler, vol. 1, pp. 30—1.
42 M.D.Kann (ed.), Film Daily Yearbook—1927 (New York: 1928), pp. 949—50; idem, Film
Daily Yearbook—1930 (New York: 1931),p. 1043; Economic Review of the Soviet