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4.4 Conceptual Frameworks 135

through different media (over the radio, through the co-pilot, and via a change in
the position of an instrument).
A distributed cognition analysis typically involves examining:

the distributed problem solving that takes place (including the way people
work together to solve a problem)
the role of verbal and non-verbal behavior (including what is said, what is
implied by glances, winks, etc., and what is not said)
the various coordinating mechanisms that are used (e.g., rules, procedures)
the various communicative pathways that take place as a collaborative activ-
ity progresses
I
how knowledge is shared and accessed
In addition, an important part of a distributed cognition analysis is to identify I
the problems, breakdowns, and concomitant problem-solving processes that
emerge to deal with them. The analysis can be used to predict what would happen
to the way information is propagated through a cognitive system, using a different
arrangement of technologies and artifacts and what the consequences of this would
be for the current work setting. This is especially useful when designing and evalu-
ating new collaborative technologies.