Page 11 - Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

COnTEnTs xi
13 Production Performance 249

13.1 Field Performance Data 249
13.1.1 Bubble Mapping 250
13.2 Decline Curve Analysis 251
13.2.1 Alternative DCA Models 253
13.3 Probabilistic DCA 254
13.4 Oil Reservoir Material Balance 256
13.4.1 Undersaturated Oil Reservoir with Water Influx 257
13.4.2 schilthuis Material Balance Equation 258
13.5 Gas Reservoir Material Balance 261
13.5.1 Depletion Drive Gas Reservoir 262
13.6 Depletion Drive Mechanisms and Recovery Efficiencies 263
13.7 Inflow Performance Relationships 266
13.8 Activities 267
13.8.1 Further Reading 267
13.8.2 True/False 267
13.8.3 Exercises 268

14 Reservoir Performance 271

14.1 Reservoir Flow simulators 271
14.1.1 Flow Units 272
14.1.2 Reservoir Characterization Using Flow Units 272
14.2 Reservoir Flow Modeling Workflows 274
14.3 Performance of Conventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs 276
14.3.1 Wilmington Field, California: Immiscible
Displacement by Water Flooding 277
14.3.2 Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska: Water Flood,
Gas Cycling, and Miscible Gas Injection 278
14.4 Performance of an Unconventional Reservoir 280
14.4.1 Barnett shale, Texas: shale Gas Production 280
14.5 Performance of Geothermal Reservoirs 285
14.6 Activities 287
14.6.1 Further Reading 287
14.6.2 True/False 287
14.6.3 Exercises 288

15 Midstream and Downstream operations 291

15.1 The Midstream sector 291
15.2 The Downstream sector: Refineries 294
15.2.1 separation 295
15.2.2 Conversion 299
15.2.3 Purification 300
15.2.4 Refinery Maintenance 300