Page 9 - Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

COnTEnTs ix
9 Well Logging 161

9.1 Logging Environment 161
9.1.1 Wellbore and Formation 162
9.1.2 Open or Cased? 163
9.1.3 Depth of Investigation 164
9.2 Lithology Logs 164
9.2.1 Gamma‐Ray Logs 164
9.2.2 spontaneous Potential Logs 165
9.2.3 Photoelectric Log 167
9.3 Porosity Logs 167
9.3.1 Density Logs 167
9.3.2 Acoustic Logs 168
9.3.3 neutron Logs 169
9.4 Resistivity Logs 170
9.5 Other Types of Logs 174
9.5.1 Borehole Imaging 174
9.5.2 spectral Gamma‐Ray Logs 174
9.5.3 Dipmeter Logs 174
9.6 Log Calibration with Formation samples 175
9.6.1 Mud Logs 175
9.6.2 Whole Core 175
9.6.3 sidewall Core 176
9.7 Measurement While Drilling and Logging
While Drilling 176
9.8 Reservoir Characterization Issues 177
9.8.1 Well Log Legacy 177
9.8.2 Cutoffs 177
9.8.3 Cross‐Plots 178
9.8.4 Continuity of Formations between Wells 178
9.8.5 Log suites 179
9.8.6 scales of Reservoir Information 180
9.9 Activities 182
9.9.1 Further Reading 182
9.9.2 True/False 182
9.9.3 Exercises 182

10 Well Completions 185
10.1 skin 186
10.2 Production Casing and Liners 188
10.3 Perforating 189
10.4 Acidizing 192
10.5 Hydraulic Fracturing 193
10.5.1 Horizontal Wells 201
10.6 Wellbore and surface Hardware 202