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Contents vii

5 Knowledge Sharing and Communities of Practice 141
Learning Objectives 141
Introduction 142
The Social Nature of Knowledge 147
Sociograms and Social Network Analysis 149
Community Yellow Pages 152
Knowledge-Sharing Communities 154
Types of Communities 158
Roles and Responsibilities in CoPs 160
Knowledge Sharing in Virtual CoPs 163
Obstacles to Knowledge Sharing 168
The Undernet 169
Organizational Learning and Social Capital 170
Measuring the Value of Social Capital 171
Strategic Implications of Knowledge Sharing 173
Practical Implications of Knowledge Sharing 175
Key Points 175
Discussion Points 176
References 177
6 Knowledge Application 183
Learning Objectives 183
Introduction 184
Knowledge Application at the Individual Level 187
Characteristics of Individual Knowledge Workers 187
Bloom ’ s Taxonomy of Learning Objectives 191
Task Analysis and Modeling 200
Knowledge Application at the Group and Organizational Levels 207
Knowledge Reuse 211
Knowledge Repositories 213
E-Learning and Knowledge Management Application 214
Strategic Implications of Knowledge Application 216
Practical Implications of Knowledge Application 217
Key Points 218
Discussion Points 218
Note 219
References 219