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Life Cycle Assessment: Principles, Practice and Prospects
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factors into design, sizing and optimisation are fertile future territories for decision-making
for water service provision.
Although LCA can be complex and time consuming, it provides an objective and often
surprising environmental perspective. In requiring a detailed approach, it provides a cross-
check of the water system design that can reveal design shortcomings and potential efficiency
improvements. More importantly, however, it provides an objective sustainability assessment,
that if acted upon at the design stage will ensure that the water systems of the future operate
successfully and sustainably in the long term.

8.6 References
Chappells H and Shove E (2004) Infrastructures, crises and the orchestration of demand. In:
Sustainable Consumption: The Implications of Changing Infrastructures of Provision. (Eds D
Southerton, B Van Vliet and H Chappells) pp. 130–143. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Grant T and Opray L (2005) ‘LCA report for sustainability of alternative water and sewerage
servicing options’. Yarra Valley Water. RMIT University, Melbourne.
Grant T and Opray L (2007) ‘Sustainability of alternative water and sewerage servicing options
– life cycle assessment stage 2’. Centre for Design, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Hallmann M, Grant T and Alsop N (2003) Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing of Water
Tanks as a Supplement to Mains Water Supply Melbourne. Centre for Design, RMIT
University, Melbourne.
Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162, 1243–1248.
Houston C (2006, November 7) ‘Phillip Island’s drinking water may soon run out.’ The Age.
Retrieved 18 March 2008 from <http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/phillip-
islands-drinking-water-may-soon-run-out/2006/11/06/1162661617861.html>.
Owens JW (2002) Water resources in life cycle impact assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology
5(4), 37–54.
Sharma A, Grant A, Tjandraatmadja G and Gray S (2005) Sustainability of Alternative Water
and Sewerage Servicing Options. CSIRO Urban Water, and Centre for Design, RMIT
University, Melbourne.
Smith A (1776) The Wealth of Nations. JM Dent and Sons, London.
Smith DI (1998) Water in Australia: Resources and Management. Oxford University Press,
Melbourne.
Yarra Valley Water (2005) Water Energy Map. Melbourne.

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