Page 15 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

CONTENTS XV

22 Environmental Product Claims and Life Cycle Assessment 475
Martha J. Stevenson and Wesley W. Ingwersen
22.1 Introduction 475
22.2 Typology of Claims: Three Different Claims per ISO Standards 477
22.2.1 Type I Ecolabels 477
22.2.2 Type II Environmental Claims 478
22.2.3 Type III Environmental Product Declarations 479
22.2.3.1 An EPD is a Document 479
22.2.3.2 An EPD is Primarily Based on LCA 479
22.2.3.3 An EPD is Developed by Following
a "Product Category Rule" 480
22.2.3.4 An EPD can Contain Information Beyond
the Scope of an LCA, Where Relevant to
that Product 480
22.2.4 Further Information on EPDs and PCRs 481
22.2.5 Reference Case Study on Dairy PCR & EPDs 481
22.2.5.1 Liquid Milk PCR 482
22.2.5.2 Granarolo Milk EPD 483
22.3 Other LCA-Based Product Claims 484
22.4 Other Relevant Environmental Information 485
22.4.1 Water Footprinting 486
22.4.2 Toxicity Risk Assessment 486
22.4.3 Ecosystem Services Assessment 487
22.5 Conclusion 487
References 488
Appendix 1: Global Update of PCR/EPD Activity 491
Appendix 2: Product Category Rules 497
Appendix 3: Environmental Product Declaration
for High-Quality Pasteurized Milk Packaged
in Pet Bottles 521

Part 4: Operationalizing LCA

23 Building Capacity for Life Cycle Assessment
in Developing Countries 545
Prof. Toolseeram Ramjeawon
23.1 Introduction 545
23.2 Status of LCA in Developing Countries 546
23.3 Challenges and opportunities 547
23.3.1 Challenges 547
23.3.2 Opportunities 549
23.4 Improving the Effectiveness of Capacity Building Initiatives 550
23.5 A Roadmap for Capacity Building in LCA
in Developing Countries 555
23.5.1 Introduction of Life Cycle Topics in
Educational Programs and Research Activities 556
23.5.2 Networking 558