Page 6 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

vi CONTENTS

3. Life Cycle Inventory Modeling in Practice 43
Beverly Sauer
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Study Goal 44
3.3 Scope 45
3.3.1 Functional Unit 45
3.3.2 Boundaries 47
3.4 Methodology Issues 55
3.4.1 Feedstock Energy 55
3.4.2 Multi-Output Processes 57
3.4.3 Postconsumer Recycling 58
3.4.4 Converting Scrap 60
3.4.5 Water Use 61
3.4.6 Carbon Tracking Considerations 62
3.5 Evolution of LCA Practice and Associated Issues 63
3.6 Conclusion 65
References 65

4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 67
Manuele Margni and Mary Ann Curran
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Life Cycle Impact Assessment According to ISO 14040-44
Requirements 69
4.2.1 Overview 69
4.2.2 Mandatory Elements 70
4.2.3 Optional Elements 72
4.2.4 Interpreting an LCIA Profile 73
4.3 Principles and Framework of LCIA 74
4.4 Historical Developments and Overview of LCIA Methodologies 78
4.5 Variability in the LCIA Models 86
4.6 State-of-the-Art LCIA 88
4.7 Future Development 94
4.7.1 Spatially-Differentiated Assessment in LCIA 94
4.7.2 Addressing Uncertainty and Variability in
Characterization Factors 95
4.7.3 Improving the Characterization of Resources 96
4.7.4 Integrating Water Use and Consumption in LCIA 97
4.7.5 Resources and Ecosystem Services Areas of Protection 98
4.7.6 Expanding Land Use Burdens on Biodiversity
in Ecosystem Services 99
References 99

5 Sourcing Life Cycle Inventory Data 105
Mary Ann Curran
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Developing LCI to Meet the Goal of the Study 107
5.2.1 Considerations in Choosing Data Sources 107
5.2.2 A Word on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment 108