Page 7 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

CONTENTS vii

5.3 Types of LCI Data 109
5.4 Private Industrial Data 112
5.5 Public Industrial Data 112
5.6 Dedicated LCI databases 113
5.7 Using Non-LCI Data in LCAs 118
5.8 Creating Life Cycle Inventory using Economic Input/Output Data 134
5.9 Global Guidance for Database Creation and Management 135
5.10 Future Knowledge Management 136
5.10.1 Creating a Federal Data Commons in the US 137
5.10.2 Open-Source Models 138
5.10.3 Crowdsourcing 139
5.11 Conclusion 140
References 141
6 Software for Life Cycle Assessment 143
Andreas Ctroth
6.1 LCA and LCA Software 143
6.1.1 Introduction 143
6.1.2 Characteristics of LCA Software Systems 144
6.1.2.1 Web Tools versus Desktop Tools 144
6.1.2.2 Commercial Tools versus Freeware 145
6.1.2.3 Open Source versus Closed Source 146
6.1.2.4 General LCA Tools versus Specialised Tools
versus Add-Ons 147
6.1.3 Two Basic LCA Software User Types and their Needs 149
6.1.4 The LCA Software Market 150
6.1.4.1 Main LCA Software Systems 150
6.1.4.2 Other LCA Software Systems 152
6.1.5 Trends in LCA Software 152
6.1.5.1 Ideas that are No Longer Trends 153
6.1.5.2 Possible Future Trends 155
6.1.6 Outlook and Conclusions 156
References 157
Part 2: LCA Applications

7 Modeling the Agri-Food Industry with Life Cycle Assessment 159
Bruno Notarnicola, Giuseppe Tassielli and Pietro A. Renzulli
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Methodological Issues 161
7.2.1 Choice of Functional Unit 161
7.2.2 System Boundaries, Carbon Balance and Data Quality 165
7.2.3 Fertilizer and Pesticide Dispersion Models 167
7.2.4 Land Use and Water Use Impact Categories 170
7.2.4.1 Land Use 170
7.2.4.2 Water Use 173
7.3 Role of the Food Industry: Some Examples 174
7.4 Conclusions 177
References 178