Page 120 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

106 K. T. Lee and C. Ofori-Boateng

Fig. 6 Tailpipe emissions from vehicles using biodiesel and conventional diesel data source:
Hitchcock et al. 1998. C Car, LG light goods vehicle, HG heavy goods vehicle, OB old bus, NB
new bus

Fig. 7 Potential emission
reduction from Tailpipe
emissions from vehicles
using biodiesel

by almost 100 %, while particulate matter was reduced by about 40 %. Figure 7
shows the potential reduction in tailpipe emissions from pure biodiesel (B100) and
a diesel with 5 % biodiesel and 95 % petro-diesel (B5).
Engine modifications, efficient designs, and PM filters can also help to reduce
tailpipe emissions from the use of biodiesel. Also, efficient recirculation of exhaust
gas can help to reduce combustion temperature and pressure which leads to NO x
emissions reduction.

4 Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

LCA methodology used in this study followed the principles and framework of the
International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14040 and 14044, which
comprises four major steps that are summarized in Fig. 8. Some inventory data