Page 122 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

108 K. T. Lee and C. Ofori-Boateng

Seeds Oil palm seedlings
plantation
Land
resource
Fertilizer
production T
Manufacture
ofvehicles
Pesticide & OIL PALM
herbicide PLANTATION
production T
Emissions
to air
T FFB
Activated
clay
production
Water PALM OIL MILLING
Emissions
Energy to land
Energy
production CPO
production
Machinery
and CRUDE PALM OIL
infrastructure
REFINERY
Emissions
T RPO to water
Methanol
production
BIODIESEL
NaOH
production PRODUCTION
T
PLANT
H 2SO 4 PME
production
PME distribution and T
consumption

By-products

Fig. 9 LCA system boundary of biodiesel production from palm oil

oil palm plantation), transportation of FFB to crushing or milling facility, recovery
of crude palm oil from the mill and refining of CPO, transportation of refined palm
oil to biodiesel production plant and transesterification of RPO, transportation of
palm oil methyl ester (PME) to consumers and finally the use of PME in diesel
engines. Each of these stages has various substages which are detailed in Sect. 2.
Energy (such as electricity, fossil-based diesel) as well as the environmental
inputs of the supply chain for the production of the raw materials used in each
stage is also included in the system boundary. The life cycle environmental
impacts associated with the production of machinery, infrastructure and land for